This paper focuses on a collection of methods that can be used to analyze the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. We classify these methods as qualitative or quantitative for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches. The methods for interdisciplinary research approaches can be used to unify a collection of related variables, visualize the research problem, evaluate the issue, and simulate the system of interest. Qualitative methods are generally used to describe the nexus in the region of interest, and include primary research methods such as Questionnaire Surveys, as well as secondary research methods such as Ontology Engineering and Integrated Maps. Quantitative methods for examining the nexus include Physical Models, Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA), OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 5807Integrated Indices, and Optimization Management Models. The authors discuss each of these methods in the following sections, along with accompanying case studies from research sites in Japan and the Philippines. Although the case studies are specific to two regions, these methods could be applicable to other areas, with appropriate calibration.

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Background:The objective of the present study is to compare the findings of comprehensive geriatric assessments between community-dwelling elderly in Indonesia and those in Japan. Methods:A cross-sectional, interview-and examination-based was undertaken. Subjects of the study consisted of community-dwelling elderly living in two rural towns in Indonesia and in a town in Japan: 436 people aged 62 years and over who were living in two rural towns in west Java in Indonesia, and 411 people aged 65 years and over who were living in Kyoto, Japan. They were examined using a common comprehensive geriatric assessment tool. Interviews, or mail surveys were conducted pertaining to activities of daily living (ADL), medical and social history, quality of life (QOL) and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, as well as anthropometric, neurobehavioral and blood chemical examinations were included in the assessment. The findings from the three groups were compared using ANOVA and Post Hoc Scheffe's F-test. Results:The scores of basic ADLs, instrumental self-maintenance, intellectual activities, social role and Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC) were lower in the two Indonesian towns than in Japan. The prevalence of depression (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale score of 6 or more and of 10 or more) was higher and QOL scores, except subjective sense of family and friend relationship, were lower in the Indonesian elderly subjects than in the Japanese ones. Mean blood pressure measurements and the proportion of subjects with systolic pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic pressure > 90 mmHg was higher in Indonesia than in Japan while body mass index was lower in the Indonesians than in Japanese. Total cholesterol levels and blood hemoglobin levels were lower in the Indonesian elderly than in the Japanese. Conclusion:In economically developing Indonesia, the elderly had lower ADLs and QOLs, than Japanese elderly. Of particular note is the higher rate of hypertension in West Java in Indonesia, which is probably associated with dietary habits. Although several trials Geriatric assessment in Indonesia 169

A novel de novo mutation, L385P, causes desmin myopathy. An expression study indicated the toxic effect of the L385P mutation.

Our study identified specific cognitive impairments in DM1. Specific cognitive functions and psychological factors may be potential contributors to QoL. Muscle Nerve 57: 742-748, 2018.

Food diversity was associated with ADL and QOL in highlanders in Qinghai, China. Food assessment is very important as a useful indicator to establish the actual condition of diet and its relation to health status of community-dwelling elderly as well as the change of economic background in the Qinghai highlands.

Resource managers increasingly seek to implement cost-effective watershed restoration plans for multiple ecosystem service benefits. Using locally adapted ecosystem service tools and historical management costs, we quantified spatially explicit management costs and benefits (in terms of groundwater recharge and landscape flammability) to assist a state agency in evaluating cobenefits for a predefined restoration scenario (focused on biodiversity benefits) and to prioritize an expanded restoration scenario in the state-managed Pu'u Wa'awa'a watershed (Hawai'i) now and under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 midcentury climate scenario. Restoring all available areas increases recharge by ~1.74 million m 3 /yr (5% of recharge over the entire watershed) under the current climate and does not meaningfully change recharge under RCP 8.5 midcentury, whereas climate change decreases recharge by ~50%. For landscape flammability, climate change increases the median and maximum probability of fire occurrence across all land use scenarios, and full restoration results in the greatest reduction in landscape flammability under both current and RCP 8.5 midcentury climate scenarios. We demonstrate that location and type of forest restoration influence overall cost-effectiveness of restoration, providing insights for landscape planning for ecosystem services under a limited budget. Across all scenarios, capturing potential benefits at low elevations requires greater expenditures ($13,161/ ha) than at high elevations ($5,501/ ha) due mainly to the substantial costs of removing Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass), the dominant land cover below 1,000 m. If management focuses on groundwater recharge only, the most cost-effective areas occur at high elevations (>1,000 m), with ample fog interception, although recharge benefits decline across the landscape under RCP 8.5 midcentury. Focusing instead on cost-effective landscape flammability reduction as the primary management objective shifts emphasis toward dry low-elevation areas under the current climate. However, under the RCP 8.5 midcentury scenario, the most cost-effective areas for flammability management shift toward higher elevations with greater potential overlap with recharge benefits.

There are growing efforts around the world to restore biocultural systems that produce food while also providing additional cultural and ecological benefits. Yet, there are few examples of integrated assessments of these efforts, impeding understanding of how they can contribute to multi-level sustainability goals. In this study, we collaborated with a community-based non-profit in He‘eia, O‘ahu to evaluate future scenarios of traditional wetland and flooded field system agriculture (lo‘i kalo; taro fields) restoration in terms of locally-relevant cultural, ecological, and economic outcomes as well as broader State of Hawai‘i sustainability goals around food, energy, and water. Families participating in the biocultural restoration program described a suite of community and cultural benefits stemming from the process of restoration, including enhanced social connections, cultural (re)connections to place, and physical and mental well-being, which inspired their sustained participation. We also found benefits in terms of local food production that have the potential to provide economic returns and energy savings over time, particularly when carried out through a hybrid non-profit and family management model. These benefits were coupled with potential changes in sediment and nutrient retention with implications for water quality and the health of an important downstream fish pond (loko i‘a) and coral reef social-ecological system. Compared with the current land cover (primarily invasive grasses), results suggest that full restoration of lo‘i kalo would decrease sediment export by ~38%, but triple nitrogen export due to organic fertilizer additions. However, compared with an urban scenario, there were clear benefits of agricultural restoration in terms of reduced nitrogen and sediment runoff. In combination, our results demonstrate that a biocultural approach can support the social and financial sustainability of agricultural systems that provide multiple benefits valued by the local community and non-profit while also contributing to statewide sustainability goals.