PurposeAir connectivity is one of the most important aspects of tourism development, especially for island state destinations (ISD) which rely on air travel for accessibility. The complexity of the tourism industry necessitates close interaction among involved stakeholders to ensure successful policy implementation of air transportation operations that facilitate tourism mobility at a destination.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper self-administered questionnaires in a structured format were distributed to 200 managers. Additionally, seven unstructured follow-up interviews were conducted to enrich the content and better support the conclusions.FindingsThe results of the study suggest that air transportation and connectivity are not fully integrated with tourism policy and strategy planning. Yet it is crucial that a stakeholder approach is adopted that accounts for the needs of diverse stakeholders and airline strategies, along with a diversified tourism policy that can establish Cyprus as year-round destination.Originality/valueThe role of the airline industry in overall tourism strategy and policy is examined and the unique problems and challenges ISDs like Cyprus face in developing as a tourism destination and overcoming tourism seasonality are underlined.
Purpose – The increasing number of cyber attacks has transformed the “cyberspace” into a “battlefield”, bringing out “cyber warfare” as the “fifth dimension of war” and emphasizing the States’ need to effectively protect themselves against these attacks. The existing legal framework seem inadequate to deal effectively with cyber operations and, from a strictly legal standpoint, it indicates that addressing cyber attacks does not fall within the jurisdiction of just one legal branch. This is mainly because of the fact that the concept of cyber warfare itself is open to many different interpretations, ranging from cyber operations performed by the States within the context of armed conflict, under International Humanitarian Law, to illicit activities of all kinds performed by non-State actors including cybercriminals and terrorist groups. The paper initially presents major cyber-attack incidents and their impact on the States. On this basis, it examines the existing legal framework at the European and international levels. Furthermore, it approaches “cyber warfare” from the perspective of international law and focuses on two major issues relating to cyber operations, i.e. “jurisdiction” and “attribution”. The multi-layered process of attribution in combination with a variety of jurisdictional bases in international law makes the successful tackling of cyber attacks difficult. The paper aims to identify technical, legal and, last but not least, political difficulties and emphasize the complexity in applying international law rules in cyber operations. Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the globalization of the “cyber warfare phenomenon” by observing its evolutionary process from the early stages of its appearance until today. It examines the scope, duration and intensity of major cyber-attacks throughout the years in relation to the reactions of the States that were the victims. Having this as the base of discussion, it expands further by exemplifying “cyber warfare” from the perspective of the existing European and International legal framework. The main aim of this part is to identify and analyze major obstacles that arise, for instance in terms of “jurisdiction” and “attribution” in applying international law rules to “cyber warfare”. Findings – The absence of a widely accepted legal framework to regulate jurisdictional issues of cyber warfare and the technical difficulties in identifying, with absolute certainty, the perpetrators of an attack, make the successful tackling of cyber attacks difficult. Originality/value – The paper fulfills the need to identify difficulties in applying international law rules in cyber warfare and constitutes the basis for the creation of a method that will attempt to categorize and rank cyber operations in terms of their intensity and seriousness.
PurposeGeneration Z, Millennials, young travellers or iGeneration represent the age range from 18 to 29 with uniquely different characteristics and tourism preferences. This study aims to understand the travel behaviour of young travellers in terms of the travel decisions they make and their involvement in tourism activity.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data collection was facilitated by a focus group discussion with 12 participants from this age group.FindingsStudy results suggest that young travellers are attracted to technologically advanced destinations that provide multi-purpose experiences. Competitive tourism destinations are those adjusted to the needs of this cohort of travellers' propensity to embrace change and innovation. Considering the needs and expectations of young travellers is key to a destination's long-term survival and sustainability, as the market share of young travellers is rapidly growing.Originality/valueThe study looks at the trends in this emerging market segment and discusses new generational behaviour. Furthermore, the study provides insight into ways to make destinations attractive as year-round experiences and thereby control the problem of seasonality.
Η αύξηση του αριθμού και της πολυπλοκότητας των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων στις κρίσιμες υποδομές ενός κράτους έχει μετατρέψει τον κυβερνοχώρο σε ένα νέο πεδίο διεξαγωγής επιχειρήσεων σε συνέχεια της ξηράς, της θάλασσας, του αέρα και του διαστήματος. Η παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζει μια νέα μεθοδολογία για την αξιολόγηση των επιπτώσεων των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων στις κρίσιμες υποδομές ενός κράτους. Η ανάλυση επικεντρώνεται στο Χάρτη των Ηνωμένων Εθνών και πιο συγκεκριμένα στο υπάρχον κανονιστικό πλαίσιο της «χρήσης βίας» (‘use of force’) προκειμένου να καθοριστεί πότε οι εν λόγω κυβερνοεπιθέσεις συνιστούν παραβίαση του υπάρχοντος κανόνος δικαίου κατά το διεθνές δίκαιο. Η εν λόγω μεθοδολογία στηρίζεται αφενός στα ποιοτικά κριτήρια αξιολόγησης των επιπτώσεων των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων, όπως αυτά έχουν προταθεί από το Συμβούλιο των Εμπειρογνωμόνων στο Νατοϊκό «Εγχειρίδιο του Ταλλίν» (το οποίο διαπραγματεύεται το θέμα του διεθνούς δικαίου των επιχειρήσεων κυβερνοχώρου) και αφετέρου στη χρησιμοποίηση πολύ-παραγοντικών μεθόδων λήψης αποφάσεων (Multi-attribute Decision Making Systems). Η νέα μεθοδολογία συνδυάζει τη χρήση αλγορίθμων λήψης αποφάσεων και των κριτηρίων αξιολόγησης των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων του Συμβουλίου των Εμπειρογνωμόνων, προτείνοντας ωστόσο ένα διαφορετικό τρόπο χρησιμοποίησής τους βασιζόμενο στα ποιοτικά τους χαρακτηριστικά και ιδιότητες. Για την αξιολόγηση της νέας μεθοδολογίας χρησιμοποιούνται δύο παραδείγματα επιθέσεων στις κρίσιμες υποδομές ενός κράτους. Το πρώτο με τη χρήση συμβατικών όπλων και το δεύτερο με τη χρήση κυβερνοεπιθέσεων. Ο συνδυασμός ποιοτικών και ποσοτικών μεθοδολογιών ανάλυσης μας οδηγεί σε μια πιο ολοκληρωμένη και ακριβή αξιολόγηση και κατηγοριοποίηση των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων.
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