Heat capacity measurements of θ-(BEDT-TTF)2CsZn(SCN)4 in its non-equilibrium electronic states induced by applying electric currents and voltages were performed by a modified relaxation calorimetry technique. We developed a single crystal heat capacity measurements system by which the Joule heating produced in samples by external currents and voltages can be balanced with the cooling power to make a non-equilibrium steady state. Although temperature versus time profiles in the relaxation process in calorimetry can be obtained as exponential curves as in the usual relaxation technique, we found that the change of resistivity that occurs during the heating and relaxation process should be taken into account in analyzing the data. By correcting this factor in the analyses, we succeeded in evaluating absolute values of Cp(I) and Cp(V) in these non-equilibrium states. The experiments up to 150 μA and the constant voltage of 20 mV do not induce visible change in the structure of the Boson peak in CpT−3 vs. T suggestive of the glassy ground state of phonons. Although the suppression of the short-range fluctuations of the charge density has been reported, it does not seriously affect the glassy phonons in this current range.
Functionally structured material is a tailored material to have unique geometric structures and create new functions or high performances. Design and fabrication of 3D ceramic photonic crystals and fractals using CAD/CAM stereolithography are demonstrated as well as their unique functions of reflection and localization of electromagnetic waves as typical examples of functionally structured materials. The outlook of functionally structured materials is briefly discussed.
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