Deep moist atmospheric convection is a key element of the weather and climate system for transporting mass, momentum, and thermal energy. It has been challenging to simulate convection realistically in global atmospheric models because of the large gap in spatial scales between convection (100 km) and global motions (104 km). We conducted the first ever subkilometer global simulation and described the features of convection. Through a series of grid‐refinement resolution testing, we found that an essential change for convection statistics occurred around 2 km grid spacing. The convection structure, number of convective cells, and distance to the nearest convective cell dramatically changed at this resolution. The convection core was resolved using multiple grids in simulations with grid spacings less than 2.0 km.

We investigated the near-band-edge optical responses and photocarrier dynamics of encapsulated long-term stable CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 (MASnI 3 ) thin films and solar-cell devices. The MASnI 3 thin film prepared with SnF 2 exhibited a bandgap of 1.25 eV, while the film without SnF 2 had a significantly blueshifted absorption edge. On the contrary, the PL peak energies were not influenced by the addition of SnF 2 . These observations indicate that the blueshift of the absorption edge in the SnF 2 -free MASnI 3 sample is due to the Burstein−Moss shift induced by a significant unintentional hole doping. Furthermore, timeresolved photoluminescence measurements revealed that by adding SnF 2 the photocarrier lifetime of the film increased by one order of magnitude, which enables improved device performance of solar cells. We clarified that in the MASnI 3 solar cells the short-circuit current stays significantly below the ideal value due to a large nonradiative recombination rate in the perovskite layer, resulting in a small photocarrier-injection efficiency into the charge-transport layers.

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Abstract— Organic thin‐film‐transistor (OTFT) technologies have been developed to achieve a flexible backplane for driving full‐color organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a resolution of 80 ppi. The full‐color pixel structure can be attained by using a combination of top‐emission OLEDs and fine‐patterned OTFTs. The fine‐patterned OTFTs are integrated by utilizing an organic semiconductor (OSC) separator, which is an insulating wall structure made of an organic insulator. Organic insulators are actively used for the OTFT integration, as well as for the separator, in order to enhance the mechanical flexibility of the OTFT backplane. By using these technologies, active‐matrix OLED (AMOLED) displays can be driven by the developed OTFT backplane even when they are mechanically flexed.

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