Cervical squamous cell carcinoma of the uterus associated with pelvic organ prolapse is very rare and usually occurs in elderly women. We hereby present an 81-year-old postmenopausal woman presented to the outpatient department with an ulcerated irreducible uterine procidentia. The prolapse was reduced under general anesthesia and biopsy of the lesions confirmed a cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Pretreatment clinical staging revealed a 16 cm enlarged uterus and mild to moderate unilateral hydroureteronephrosis, secondary to periureteric infiltration, clinical stage IIIB. The patient was disqualified from surgery, and palliative chemotherapy plus radiotherapy was recommended. Patient’s general condition was rapidly deteriorated, and three months after the diagnosis, the patient passed away. Therapeutic management of cervical cancer associated with uterovaginal prolapse is not well established. Hence, this article presents the clinical concerns that arise in such rare and neglected cases.
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease and the leading cause of cervical cancer. The undeniable causal link between HPV and cervical cancer led to the creation of HPV prophylactic vaccines. Health professionals are key in counseling parents about their children's immunization, as they are considered valid and reliable sources of information. The systematic review aimed to determine doctors' and nurses' knowledge of HPV, their awareness of the vaccine, and their willingness to accept vaccination. Systematic studies were conducted from 2015 to January 2022 in Medline/PubMed and Google Scholar online databases. The systematic review included 10 good-quality cross-sectional studies and a total of 6700 participants who were administered self-administered questionnaires or personal interviews. From the analysis of most of the studies, it is demonstrated that health professionals have a satisfactory level of knowledge about HPV infection and its effects on human health, even if their knowledge gap in essential details regarding the virus and HPV vaccination is apparent. It was found that various factors regarding health professionals, such as their specialty, gender, working environment, weekly working hours, and the interval since their last HPV training, contribute to forming their knowledge level about HPV and vaccination. In addition, most studies show that most healthcare professionals knew about the existence of HPV vaccines but did not know many details about how their work and their potential benefits. In conclusion, the provision of counseling by health professionals is currently estimated to be the strongest predictor of target group compliance with the HPV vaccine. Consequently, it is essentially considered to investigate the HPV-related knowledge level among health workers and to intensively reeducate them regarding the HPV infection risks and the necessity of HPV vaccination to improve their awareness and strengthen their attitude in favor of vaccination against cervical cancer.
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma is very rare. Diagnosis is challenging. The description of our case concerns an asymptomatic 71-year-old patient who came for a routine gynecological examination. Imaging of the pelvis revealed the presence of a two-chambered cystic formation in the anatomical position of the right ovary. It was decided to investigate the disease by laparotomy. Examination of the frozen section from the site of the cystic lesion was negative for malignancy. An abdominal total hysterectomy was performed with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Serous carcinoma of the fallopian tube was diagnosed postoperatively by histological examination of the surgical preparation. Immediately after surgery, the patient’s health was good.The patient was referred to an oncology center and was monitored. Chemotherapy based on platinum and taxane was recommended. Six months after the operation the patient is in good health. The possibility of a second surgery to treat fallopian tube cancer with pelvic lymph node dissectionis under discussion and is expected to be decided by oncologists and gynecologists-oncologists. In this article, after describing the case report, a brief review of this rare entity disease’s diagnostic and therapeutic approach is attempted.
Aim: To assess the diagnostic efficiency of TVS (transvaginal ultrasound measurement) for discrimination between benign and malignant endometrial conditions in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Moreover, to evaluate the cut off risk for endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women, as a screening tool. Materials and Methods: In order to identify all studies related to the systematic review question, a detailed search strategy that took into account all important aspects of the clinical question and an appropriate study design, was developed. Two reviewers independently assessed study characteristics, methodological details and eligibility. Search strategy for evidence included 2 major medical databases PubMed and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Key words used were: asymptomatic postmenopausal women, atypical hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, transvaginal ultrasound, screening, endometrial thickening. Results: The significance of the thickness of the endometrium beyond 4 mm is not the same as for symptomatic postmenopausal women, and extrapolating guidelines from postmenopausal bleeding to asymptomatic population is not valid. In asymptomatic postmenopausal women, the risk of cancer is approximately 6.7% when endometrium is >11mm, which is comparable to the 5% risk in symptomatic postmenopausal women for a 5mm cut-off. If endometrium measures ≤11mm endometrial biopsy is not necessary. A postmenopausal asymptomatic woman with known risk factors for endometrial cancer like diabetes, obesity, use of unopposed estrogen or tamoxifen, will have a higher risk of cancer even with the same TVS measurement. The diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy was optimal for all intra-uterine
Primary vaginal melanoma is a rare and aggressive entity affecting the vaginal wall without any involvement of the uterine cervix or the vulva. It usually occurs in elderly women. We hereby present an 87-year-old woman who presented with recurrent vaginal bleeding. Vaginal examination revealed a 3cm hyperpigmented lesion on the anterior vaginal wall. The lesion was biopsied and the results of the histopathological examination were compatible with primary malignant vaginal melanoma. The diagnosis of vaginal melanoma is usually established by histology and immunochemistry. The therapeutic management includes surgical and nonsurgical modalities. Although surgery combined with adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy are acceptable therapeutic approaches, further studies are needed in order to assess the optimal management of women with primary vaginal melanoma.
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