In this paper, we consider the role of inverse problems in metrology. We describe general methods of solving inverse problems which are useful in measurements practice. We also discuss how to modify these methods in situations in which there is a need for real -time data processing.
One of the main functions of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) in human blood serum is the binding of all classes of protease. It is known that trypsin, after such interaction, possesses modified proteolytic activity. Trypsin first hydrolyzes two bonds in A2M’s ‘bait region’, and the peptide 705VGFYESDVMGR715 is released from A2M. In this work, specifics of the A2M-trypsin interaction were used to determine A2M concentration directly in human blood serum using MALDI mass-spectrometry. Following exogenous addition of trypsin to human blood serum in vitro, the concentration of the VGFYESDVMGR peptide was measured, using its isotopically-labeled analogue (18O), and A2M concentration was calculated. The optimized mass spectrometric approach was verified using a standard method for A2M concentration determination (ELISA) and the relevant statistical analysis methods. It was also shown that trypsin’s modified proteolytic activity in the presence of serum A2M can be used to analyze other serum proteins, including potential biomarkers of pathological processes. Thus, this work describes a promising approach to serum biomarker analysis that can be technically extended in several useful directions.
In this paper, we discuss the possibility of using the formalism of fuzzy intervals combined with automatic differentiation technique as a basis for numerical software selfverification in metrology. The natural domain of such approach is calculating indirect measurements results using the inaccurate results of direct measurements as the initial data. We propose to support software for such computations with tools that allow us to receive simultaneously calculated results and their error characteristics. Only such software can be put to metrological validation in full.In many practical situations, the inaccurate results of direct measurements are used for calculations of indirect measurements results. Final data are also uncertain. Characteristics of this uncertainty should be expressed in quantitative form and presented together with indirect measurement result. The main purpose of this paper is to discuss ways to provide software for measured data processing with tools of automatic calculation of final result uncertainty. Only software that is supported in such manner can pass the metrological certification in full.To achieve this purpose, we propose to use combination of two formalisms: fuzzy intervals approach -to represent inaccuracy of initial data for calculations, and formalism of software automatic differentiation -to compute how initial data uncertainty transforms to inherited uncertainty of final result.There are many approaches for representing inaccuracy of measured data that act as initial information for subsequent calculations. Modern approaches take into account different information about the initial data inaccuracy. Some of them use random variables [1][2][3] for uncertainty representing and handling with it, other ones use bounds on possible values of initial data [4][5][6]. Interval representation of data inaccuracy was firstly mentioned by Wiener [7] and Kantorovich [8]. With the development of the fuzzy set theory, its formalism became actual tool for uncertainty expressing in metrology [9,10]. Natural evolution of ideas of interval and fuzzy frameworks is the concept of fuzzy
This paper studies the relationship between environmental innovations and firms’ financial performance from the perspective of environmental activism intensity. We explore how the number of green patents affects the financial performance of small, medium, and large firms and whether the growing number of green patents positively affects firms’ financial performance. We employed a panel data sample of 1136 green innovative and 2395 non-green innovative firms from the USA and Europe and compared their financial results. The results show that small firms benefit financially only in the second year after the first green patent implementation. Medium-sized firms enjoy improved financial performance in the first two years after the implementation of one or two green patents; however, the third green patent does not anyhow improve the financial performance. Large firms gain financial benefits every year after issuing green patents regardless of the patents’ quantity. Generally, the increase in financial performance is moderate in the first year, reaches the maximum in the second year, and becomes statistically insignificant in the third year after the last green patent’s implementation.
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