Attaining high heat flux around 900°C temperature has been challenging for current generation researchers. Although the literature has identified several quenching methods, including upward-facing spray, downward-facing spray, and both-sides spray, upward-facing spray cooling is the most efficient. The coolant's thermophysical properties may improve upward-facing spray cooling. Thus, upward-facing spray cooling was used in this study to augment the heat transfer with better fluid properties. This study uses ethanol-added water as a coolant and heat transfer analysis to boost heat removal. The statistical analysis software (Designexpert@7.0) models an upward-facing spray and finds that for maximum heat removal the Weber and Reynolds numbers must be 700 and 2220, respectively. Fluid properties are viscosity 8660 × 10<sup>-7</sup> mPa s, density 997.7 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and surface tension 54 mN/m. Theoretical studies and dropwise experiments were used to determine the upward-facing spray augmentation mechanism. The comparative analysis shows that ethanol is less corrosive than the additives reported in the literature. After experimentation, the total dissolved solid concentration in used water exceeds the permissible limit.
Without hindering the taste, making a cigarette less harmful by reducing the percentage of toxic and carcinogenic compounds in the smoke of the cigarette is the challenging task for the current generation researchers. In the current work, by implementing mechanical and chemical modification techniques, the above stated is tried to mitigate. In addition to the above, the optimized suction pressure, burning time and the number of puffing are determined. Then, at the optimized conditions, the modifications are implemented. Mechanical modification technique considers filter to cigarette ratio and filter design. The mathematical calculation reveals that puffing stops when the cigarette length reaches 0.15 times of its original length. Furthermore, it also identified that the concentration of suspended solids and droplets in the smoke decreases significantly (separation efficiency = 56.81%) if the cigarette to filter ratio is 2.32. In the case of chemical modification, various adsorbents such as charcoal and Zeolite 13X used to reduce the harmful effect in the output. These processes depict reduction in harmful effect (separation efficiency up to 62.1%) by showing decrement in the suspended solids and droplets in the smoke due to the adsorption on the active sites of charcoal and Zeolite 13X. In the case of combined modifications, the achieved separation efficiency is 66.51%. For the experimentation, an experimental setup fitted with artificial lungs. Characterization methods such as XRD, SEM, and EDX of cigarette filter, burnt charcoal part, ash, raw tobacco and mathematical calculation approve the improvement due to the modification of cigarette.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.