IntroductionThe human intestinal tract harbors trillions of bacteria referred to as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and host metabolism 1 . The change in the composition of gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, including type-2 diabetes and obesity 2 . The composition of gut microbiota is influenced by the intestinal environment, including the type of food digested by the host, digestive fluid volume, and digestive fluid quality 3 . Numerous studies have evaluated the composition of gut microbiota and its metabolites in experimental animals fed high-fat or low-fiber diets 4, 5 . However, few reports have focused on the effects of different types of dietary fat sources on gut microbiota and its
Discarded scallop internal organs, especially the hepatopancreas, are rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. However, they have not been utilized because of their contamination with toxic substances, such as cadmium (Cd), and the occurrence of diarrheic shellfish toxins (DST). We have successfully prepared a high-quality scallop oil (SCO) from the internal organs of the Japanese giant scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), including the hepatopancreas without Cd and DST. These pollutants were removed by liquid-liquid partitioning followed by adsorption to active carbon of fine particle size with high pore surface volume. In this study, we prepared SCO from scallop internal organs obtained from two different processing areas (Mutsu and Uchiura bays, Japan), and referred to them as SCO-M and SCO-U, respectively. Genotoxicity of SCO-M and SCO-U was evaluated by the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) and in vivo micronucleus test in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. SCO-M and SCO-U showed negative results in the Ames test in the presence or absence of metabolic activation with S9 mix. In addition, no genotoxic effects of SCO-M and SCO-U were observed at all tested doses in the micronucleus test. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that SCO-M and SCO-U are safe products in terms of genotoxicity under these experimental conditions.
Internal organs of discarded scallops are rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but it is not used as a food ingredient due to the presence of toxic substances. Recently, our research team prepared high-quality scallop oil (SCO) from the internal organs of the Japanese giant scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), in which cadmium and diarrhetic shellfish toxin are below regulated levels. In this study, SCO was prepared from the internal organs of scallops obtained from Mutsu and Uchiura bays in Japan, and was referred to as SCO-M (scallop oil from Mutsu bay) and SCO-U (scallop oil from Uchiura bay), respectively. Acute and subacute toxicity studies were performed to assess the safety of the prepared SCO. In acute toxicity study, mice were orally administered SCO-M and SCO-U at a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight. In a 28-day repeated oral dose toxicity study, the mice were fed diets containing 1% and 5% SCO-M and SCO-U; and in a 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity study, the mice were fed 5% SCO-M and SCO-U. There were no toxicologically significant changes in clinical signs, hematology, blood chemistry, and organ weights at any dose during the experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that SCO-M and SCO-U are safe for use as food ingredients under the experimental conditions of this study.
IntroductionThe increase in the incidence of lifestyle-related diseases, including obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases CVD , has become a social problem in developed countries. In particular, CVD, which causes arteriosclerosis, is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide 1 . Therefore, the prevention or amelioration of dyslipidemia, such as hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, would reduce the risk of CVD 2 . Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA , including eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA , reduce the incidence and mortality of CVD through multiple mechanisms such as the reduction of serum triacylglyc-
IntroductionFish oil is a rich source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA , such as eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and docosahexaenoic acid DHA , and has health-promoting functions in humans. For example, n-3PUFA intake has proven beneficial against cardiovascular diseases 1 , hyperlipidemia 2 , Alzheimer s disease 3 , inflammation 4 , and cancer 5 . Accordingly, various organizations recommend the intake of n-3PUFA, especially EPA and DHA 6 .Most prior studies investigated the health-promoting effects of dietary n-3PUFA employed commercially available fish oil, which is a mixture of EPA and DHA. However, the molecular structures and physiological functions of EPA and DHA are different. EPA C20:5n-3 has a shorter carbon chain 20 vs. 22 and fewer double bonds 5 vs. 6 per molecule than DHA C22:6n-3 . DHA has a greater influence on membrane fluidity and the activity of membrane
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