Result from Wang et al. study described the development and validation of an empathy scale for teachers (EST) and suggested that the EST could be an effective tool to assess the empathy of primary, middle and high school teachers in relation to their students. This study examines the factorial structure and factorial invariance of the EST in an Iranian sample. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to explore dimensionality and test for measurement invariance in factor structure, factor loadings and intercepts across gender in a sample (N = 462), of Iranian high-school male and female teachers (24–55 years). The data supported the multidimensional structure in both male and female samples. Accordingly, all factor loadings were significant and scale structure confirmed like the original scale. The results indicated that the EST includes three dimensions: cognitive empathy, negative affective empathy and positive affective empathy, and the internal consistency reliability of the three subscales are satisfactory in total sample and both sexes. Furthermore, the results revealed that invariance of the measure according to gender was confirmed. In addition, as the validity evidence, the EST is positively correlated with empathic concern scale scores. The study suggests that the EST could be an effective tool to measure the empathy of high school teachers in relation to their students in Iranian sample.
to reflect a sense of respect and attention to humanity from a human perspective (Lavdaniti & Tsitsis, 2015).On the other hand, one of the variables related to quality of life is emotional self-efficacy. Recent advances in health psychology, mental health, and behavioral medicine have addressed the role of emotional self-efficacy in human health and disease (Han et al., 2005). Just as self-efficacy is an important predictor of performance in a particular area, so can emotional self-efficacy be a good predictor of emotional performance (Loeb, Stempel, & Isaksson, 2016). Emotional self-efficacy is a set of behavioral preparations and desires of the individual in recognizing, processing and organizing emotional information (Dacre Pool & Qualter, 2013).
A B S T R A C TThis study examines the relationship between emotional family atmosphere and tendency to consume alcoholic beverages in the city of Bandar Abbas in 2014-15 years. The statistical population of the study was all male residents of Bandar Abbas city. The sample consisted of 100 subjects: 50 healthy subjects and 50 alcoholic beverages consumer who were selected by simple random sampling method. Family atmosphere inventory of Mouse (1988) was used to collect information. The results showed that two variables of creating sensitivity and explicit expression are as the most influential family variables on the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
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