Non-Caucasian ethnicity, paternal smoking and obesity in older children were associated with an increased risk of polysomnography-confirmed MS OSA in Australian children.

Pediatric SDB is accompanied by predominantly acute brain changes in areas that regulate autonomic, cognitive, and mood functions, and chronic changes in frontal cortices essential for behavioral control. Interventions need to be keyed to address acute vs chronic injury.

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Children with sleep-disordered breathing are able to maintain cerebral oxygenation, and the small changes observed are not related to cognitive deficits. However, in older children these differences were related to behavioral measures.

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This study suggests that while age is a determinant of autonomic control in children with SDB, the strongest modifiable factor determining dampened autonomic control is increased central adiposity, as reflected in the waist and hip circumference and the waist-to-height ratio.