Background: The infection with Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in humans. The prevalence of this infection has been reported to be between 2 to 8%, depending on the different socio-cultural conditions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis in the women who were referred to the gynaecologic clinics at the MVJ medical college, Bangalore, India.Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 750 women who were referred to the gynaecologic clinics from October 2010 to September 2012. Vaginal samples were obtained from them and they were examined by wet mount and culture methods for the detection of T. vaginalis.Results: Sixteen out of the 750 vaginal swab specimens (2.1%)
Heterotopic pregnancy is the coexistence of intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) and extrauterine gestation. It is a rare and dangerous life-threatening condition that is difficult to diagnose and easily missed. The incidence in the general population is estimated to be 1 in 30,000. We report a case of a 24-year-old multigravida who was seen in the emergency department with a diagnosis of a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. A careful ultrasound assessment led to the diagnosis of a heterotopic pregnancy despite lack of any notable risk factors. Immediate surgical intervention with supportive measures resulted in a successful outcome. An obstetrician should keep in mind the occurrence of a heterotopic pregnancy while dealing with pregnant females. It also demonstrates that early diagnosis is essential in order to salvage the intrauterine pregnancy and avoid maternal morbidity and mortality.
Introduction The prevalence of infertility in the general population is 15 to 20%. Of this, the male factor is responsible for 20 to 40%. In Indian couples seeking treatment, the male factor is the cause in approximately 23% of the cases. In a World Health Organization multicenter study, 45% of infertile men were found to have either oligozoospermia or azoospermia. A study from a tertiary care hospital in India reported 58% azoospermia and 24% oligozoospermia in infertile men. Aims and objectives To analyze the epidemiology of male infertility. Results In this study of 100 cases of male infertility, 64% of the patients are in the age group 25 to 35 years, 31% of the patients are in the age group of >35 to 45 years, 4% of the patients are in the age group of more than 45 years, and 1% of the patients are in the age group of <25 years. Of the total patients, 34% (n = 37) are business people, 5% (n = 5) are clerks, 2% (n = 2) are contractors, 13% (n = 13) are drivers, 2% (n = 2) are factory workers, 6% (n = 6) are farmers, 5% (n = 5)are government workers, 3% (n = 3) each are hotel workers and jute mill workers, and 2% (n = 2) each are laborers, painters, and tea stall workers. Conclusion Male infertility is multifactorial: Age, occupation, and habits have a significant impact on the seminal parameters. Modifiable behaviors like cessation of smoking and alcohol are cost-effective in normalizing the semen parameters and thereby restoring fertility. How to cite this article Umashankar KM, Mukherjee J, Cristy R, Seal B, Karim R, Ray CD, Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas J. Epidemiology of Male Infertility at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern India. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(2):101-106.
Introduction: COVID-19 infection is a pandemic health emergency with significant mortality in human population. The course of infection in pregnancy is not well-known. The understanding is fogged by the changes in the pulmonary and immunological systems during pregnancy. Initially, the COVID-19 infections among pregnant mothers were assumed to be having benign course. Recent investigations from Sweden have indicated that pregnant and postpartum women are at increased risk of severe complications associated with COVID-19 infections. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology BMCRI and Bowring Lady Curzon Medical College. All pregnant women diagnosed to have COVID-19 infection who died during treatment were included in the study. The details of clinical evaluation are entered in structured format. Cases were studied in detail to fulfill the study objectives. Aims and objective:To analyze the maternal mortality cases due to COVID-19 infection. To estimate the prevalence of maternal mortality due to COVID-19 infection. Results: Among 1070 COVID-19 cases diagnosed during pregnancy, 37 (3.45%) patients had maternal mortality due to COVID infection. The prevalence of maternal mortality was 0.6 (3.45%). Maternal mortality were mostly in 3rd trimester (51.4%). Saturation was below 90% in all cases, 90.8% of patients are antepartum, maximum gestational age 37 weeks, and minimum gestational age 12 weeks. Conclusions: COVID-19 pneumonia is an additional toll for maternal mortality. Obstetric patients in the 2nd and 3rd trimester having COVID-19 infection with late presentation to hospital, moderate-to-severe disease (RR >30 minutes), with raised inflammatory markers, and having bilateral lung affection are indicative of poor maternal outcome.
Introduction: Worldwide 580 million males experience infertility at some point of time in their life; of these, 372 million reside in low-and middle-income countries. Male subfertility is one of the most rapidly growing fields in medicine, with dramatic advances and treatment. If a male infertility factor is present, it is almost always defined by the finding of an abnormal semen analysis, although other male factors may play a role even when the semen analysis is normal. Aims: To classify the causes of male infertility at pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular levels. Results: Pre-testicular cause was seen in 7% of patients. Erectile dysfunction is the commonest. In testicular causes, varicocele is the most common (29.6%), followed by idiopathic (25.9%) and trauma in 14.8%, and other causes, such as torsion, infective orchitis, and cryptorchism show a common incidence of 7.4%. In post-testicular, varity in 51.8% is due to ejaculatory duct obstruction and accessory gland dysfunction, and acquired hernia surgeries have a common incidence of 14.81%. The least common cause is epididymal asthenozoospermia. Conclusion: In male infertility evaluation history and clinical examination, semen analysis is the common tool for all groups of patients. Pre-testicular male infertile is mainly due to consequences of primary or secondary dysfunction of endocrine or exocrine glands influencing the male reproductive axis. Testicular group of male infertility are due to varity of genetic, congenital, and acquired insults to the proper testicular function; post-testicular cause of infertility is due to pathology in the pathway of sperm passage; this is influenced by congenital and acquired defects and diseases respectively. The idiopathic group of patients needs further evaluation by use of advanced seminal tests like immunological tests, semen culture, special staining of the spermatozoa, sperm DNA integrity tests, appropriate genetic evaluation and. Evaluation of ultrastructural abnormalities of spermatozoa, for detection of defects in outer dense fibers, microtubules, mitochondria, connecting piece, and acrosome.
Background: Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue, a methyl-ester of prostaglandin E1 additionally methylated at C-16. Misoprostol is an effective myometrial stimulant of pregnant uterus, selectively binding to prostanoid receptors. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of vaginal and oral misoprostol for the induction of labour in women with intra-uterine foetal death (IUFD).Methods: A prospective randomised clinical trial, comparing 50µg oral and 50µg vaginal misoprostol, six hourlies for a maximum of four doses for the induction of labour in women with IUFD. All patients with IUFD after 28 weeks without previous uterine surgeries, without contraindications for prostaglandins are included in the study. The study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Hoskote. Bangalore from June 2012 to June 2015. It is a tertiary institution serving predominantly rural population. The primary outcome measure was the induction to delivery time, secondary all complications were noted.Results: Twenty-five women were randomised to the vaginal route and twenty-five to the oral route. The induction to delivery time was longer with vaginal misoprostol 10.5±4.03 compared to oral misoprostol (9.58±4.9). There was no significant difference in the amount of misoprostol needed to achieve successful induction in the two groups. 3 patients needed oxytocin augmentation to complete the induction of labour. There were no cases of failed induction. The systemic side effects (shivering, diarrhoea, vomiting and pyrexia) were more common with oral misoprostol (44.5%) compared to vaginal misoprostol (20%).Conclusions: Oral misoprostol achieved successful induction of labour in women with IUFD in a shorter time than vaginal misoprostol. Both routes are equally effective in termination of pregnancy. Sublingual route is easy to administer, patient compliant, no need for internal examination, less chance of labour dysfunction, less chance of post-partum sepsis.
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