Although Saccharomyces boulardii is usually a non-pathogenic fungus, in rare occasions it can cause invasive infection in children. We present the case of an 8-year-old patient in pediatric surgical intensive care unit who developed S. cerevisiae fungemia following probiotic treatment containing S. boulardii. Caspofungin was not effective in this case and he was treated with amphotericin B. We want to emphasize that physicians should be careful about probiotic usage in critically ill patients.

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A female infant weighing 2,200 g was delivered at 34 weeks of gestation by vaginal delivery. She presented with an irreducible mass in the left inguinal region at 32 days of age. An ultrasonography (US) was performed and an incarcerated hernia containing uterus, fallopian tube, and ovary was diagnosed preoperatively. Surgery was performed through an inguinal approach; the uterus, fallopian tube, and ovary were found in the hernia sac. High ligation and an additional repair of the internal inguinal ring were performed. Patent processus vaginalis was found during contralateral exploration and also closed. The postoperative course was uneventful. After one year of follow-up, there have been no signs of recurrence.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder is a severe disorder that may worsen the daily functioning of mothers and may also have an unfavorable effect on child. It is therefore of utmost importance for clinicians to recognize PTSD and the associated risk factors in order to guide these parents.

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SUMMARY: Lactococcus lactis is a gram-positive coccus that is nonpathogenic in humans. Herein, we present the case of a 1-year-old boy with Down syndrome and Hirschprung's disease (HD) who developed a catheter-related bloodstream infection with L. lactis after gastrointestinal surgery. The patient had been hospitalized in the pediatric surgery unit from birth because of HD, and had undergone the Duhamel-Martin procedure which caused recurrent diarrhea episodes and feeding intolerance. On the infant's 430th day of life, he had an episode of gastroenteritis and feeding intolerance. Because of clinical suspiction of sepsis, blood cultures were taken both from the central venous catheter and peripheral vein, and evidence of a growing microorganism was detected in 2 different central venous catheter blood cultures taken 2 days apart. The colonies were then identified by both the Vitek 2 and Vitek MS systems (bioM áerieux, Marseille, France) as L. lactis spp. lactis. The central venous catheter could not be removed because of the absence of a peripheral venous line, and the patient was subsequently successfully treated with vancomycin. Therefore, although Lactococcus species is generally thought to be nonpathogenic, it should still be kept in mind as a potential pathogen in infants.Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs) are an important source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lactococcus spp. are not recognized as important pathogens in humans, but the current literature provides evidence that they can cause infection, particularly in immunocompromised hosts (1). In this case study, we describe the second known case of CR-BSI caused by L. Lactis in an infant.A 1-year-old boy with Down syndrome (DS) had been hospitalized in the pediatric surgical care unit since birth. Because of vomiting, abdominal distension, and meconium ileus, rectal biopsy was performed 14 days after birth, revealing the absence of ganglion cells, he was thus diagnosed with Hirschprung's disease (HD). An ileostomy was performed on his 30th day of life. When the patient was 1-year old, the definitive Duhamel-Martin procedure was performed. The patient could not be discharged because he required total parenteral nutritional support from a central venous line via an 8-cm Triple-Lumen 5.5-Fr ARROW Catheter inserted into the femoral vein.On the patient's 430th day of life, he had an episode of gastroenteritis along with feeding intolerance, erosive diaper dermatitis, and a worsening clinical condition.He was also hypotensive and hypotonic subfebrile rise in temperature. No pathogenic microorganisms were found on stool. The laboratory results showed a white blood cell count of 14,800/mm 3 and C-reactive protein levels of 29.3 mg/L (0-5 mg/L). Furthermore, the infant's urinalysis was normal, his urine culture remained sterile and he had no signs of pneumonia.Because of the clinical suspiction of sepsis, blood cultures were taken both from the central venous catheter and peripheral vein. Fourteen hours later, the BacT/Alert device (bioM áe...

Acute leukemias are the most common childhood cancer in all age groups. Acute myeloid leukemias (AML) constitute about 15–20% of acute leukemias. Fatigability, pallor, fever, and bleeding are the most common presenting symptoms of AML. Hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy are commonly encountered during physical examination. In rare instances eruptions due to skin involvement and localized tumor masses (myeloid sarcoma) may be found. Myeloid sarcoma is especially seen in AML-M2 subtype. By cytogenetic analysis, in AML-M2 subtype t(8;21) is often seen and it is more probable to find inversion 16 in AML-M4Eos subtype. Herein, we present a 15-year-old girl whose initial symptom was abdominal pain for three days and her pathological sign was a large abdominal mass which was verified by imaging studies and diagnosed as myeloid sarcoma by biopsy. On bone marrow examination, she had diagnosis of AML-M2 and by cytogenetic analysis inversion 16 was positive. She was treated with AML-BFM 2004 protocol and she is being followed up in remission on her ninth month of the maintenance therapy.