Advice on modifiable lifestyle factors should be given to people presenting for infertility treatment to help them make positive changes that may improve their chances of pregnancy and delivering a healthy, live baby. Developing a guideline for this would be a prudent step towards helping clinicians to implement this aspect of preconception care.

International audienceAbstract Aim Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a common and sight threatening condition. RRD incidence has varied considerably in published literature and few studies have examined the temporal trends in incidence rate over a long time period. Our aim is to examine the time trends of primary RRD in Scotland. Methods We obtained linked hospital episode statistics data for all patients admitted with a primary diagnostic code of RRD in Scotland between 1987 to 2006. Using this database as an estimate of RRD incidence, we calculated the annual age and sex specific incidence rates of RRD in Scotland. Loglinear Poisson regression analysis was used to explore age, period and cohort trends. Results The overall age standardised incidence of RRD in Scotland has steadily increased from 9.36 per 100,000 (95%CI:8.19-10.53) in 1987 to 13.61 per 100,000 (95%CI:12.25-14.97) in 2006 with an average annual increase of 1.9% (p<0.001) during the 20-year period. Males have been affected more frequently than females in all age groups with a significant temporal trend towards earlier age of onset. The peak incidence of RRD in men and women is in the 6th decade. No significant period or recent birth cohort trend effects were found. Conclusions The estimated incidence of RRD is within the range reported from previous population-based studies worldwide. The rise in RRD incidence between 1987 and 2006 is attributed in part to the changing demographic in Scotland. There is an increasing gender imbalance in incidence, with males being affected more frequently and at a younger age

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Aligning written assessment to the PBL process enables students and teachers to better understand how the reasoning process is developing for individuals and a cohort, and provides a basis for further investigation into the development of student clinical reasoning.