The use of recycled paper for the manufacture of food contact materials is widespread, but very little is known about the presence of potential contaminants in the paper. The purpose of this study was to assess the worst-case migration of estrogenic active compounds using extracts of paper for household use. Twenty different brands of kitchen rolls, nine of which were made from recycled paper and the remainder from virgin paper, were obtained from retail shops. Paper extracts were subjected to (a) determination of the total estrogenic activity by using an in vitro estrogen screen based on yeast cells stably transfected with the human estrogen receptor alpha and (b) chemical analysis and quantification by GC/MS, GC/FTIR/MS, and GC/FID for detection of a variety of estrogenic compounds. A marked estrogenic response was observed in nine of the extracts, seven of which were made from recycled paper and two from virgin paper. The chemical analysis revealed that extracts made from recycled paper contained levels of bisphenol A ranging from 0.6 to 24 mg/kg of kitchen roll, whereas extracts from virgin paper contained no bisphenol A or only negligible amounts. In contrast, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenols, and di-n-butyl and diisobutyl phthalate were present to a varying degree in both recycled and virgin paper with no apparent preferable distribution between the two paper types. The estrogenic response of the two extracts made from virgin paper appeared to be due partly to the presence of the preservative propyl paraben. Diisopropylnaphthalene, which turned out to be weakly estrogenic active in vitro (EC(50) = 53 microM), was detected in minor amounts in most of the extracts with the major part, ranging from 0.3 to 4.7 mg/kg of paper, found in recycled paper. Our findings that recycled kitchen rolls contain bisphenol A and other xenoestrogens may apply to other types of recycled paper used for food packaging and emphasize the importance of identifying this and other contaminants in recycled paper in general. These data indicate that bisphenol A may be useful as a purity indicator for recycled paper.

. Migration of formaldehyde and melamine monomers from kitchen-and tableware made of melamine plastic. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2006, 23 (09) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 The results indicated that continuous migration of formaldehyde and melamine takes place during the lifetime of these articles. The molar ratio of released formaldehyde to melamine was seen to decrease from 12 to about 5. This indicates that first the migration of residual monomers is most important but in the long term breakdown of the polymer dominates. Two CEN-methods were used to determine the concentration of monomers; a spectrophotometric method for formaldehyde and a UV-HPLC method for melamine.

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As women with breast hypertrophy may have their breasts surgically reduced, the natural question is whether this operation influences their risk for breast cancer. Animal experiments have suggested that the damage to the mammary ducts caused by mammoplasty leads to the evolution of stasis and hence to cancer (Fekete and Green, 1936). It has also been suggested, however, that surgical reduction of the breast decreases the incidence of breast cancer by reducing the number of potential foci for cancer development (Str6mbeck, 1964;Rees and Coburn, 1972).This study is a second follow-up of a cohort originally studied by Lund et al. (1987), comprising 1283 women operated on for breast hypertrophy between 1 January 1943 and 31 August 1971, who were followed up to 31 December 1982. The original study found a reduced incidence of breast cancer among these women in comparison with the Danish female population. The cohort has now been followed up to 31 December 1990. Materials and methodsThe study group consisted of all women with breast hypertrophy treated by reduction mammoplasty at five surgical departments in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1 January 1943 and 31 August 1971, and three patients operated on before 1 January 1943. The material was collected by examining diagnostic indices and lists of operations. The hospital records of 31 patients could not be located and these patients were excluded from the analysis. In the first study five patients were included twice in the study population, which therefore consisted of 1278 women. Six patients were lost to follow-up; in our follow-up, one patient was excluded as she appeared to have died before the operation. Thus, our study group consisted of 1240 patients. Table I).We also looked at the risk of breast cancer on the basis of how much breast tissue was removed from the breast with the greatest reduction: <400 g, 400-600 g or >600 g. The 367 women with more than 600 g of tissue removed had a significantly lower risk than the general population (RR=0.30; 95% CI 0.10-0.69) at all time intervals after operation (latency). In addition, Table I shows how the RR varies with latency time. There appears to be a sharp drop in the RR 10-19 years after operation and an increase

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Four catenanes having a tetrathiafulvalene unit in the biscyclic macrocycle and cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) in the second macrocycle are described. The TTF units locked inside the cyclophane cages do not isomerize even in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. One of the four catenanes is shown on the right.

End-stage renal failure is associated with persistent systemic inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate if systemic inflammation at the time of kidney transplantation is linked to poor graft survival, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and increased mortality, and if these processes are modulated by naturally occurring cytokine-specific autoantibodies (c-aAbs), which have been shown to regulate cytokine activity in vitro. Serum levels of cytokines, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and c-aAbs specific for interleukin (IL)-1a, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IL-6, and IL-10 were measured at the time of transplantation in a retrospective cohort study of 619 kidney transplanted patients with a median follow-up of 4.9 years (range 1.2-8.2 years). Systemic inflammation was associated with all-cause mortality in simple and multiple Cox regression analyses. IL-10-specific c-aAbs were associated with MACE after transplantation, suggesting that IL-10 may be a protective factor. Similarly, patients with a history of MACE before transplantation had lower levels of TNF-a-specific c-aAbs, hence we hypothesized that TNF may be a risk factor of MACE. These findings support that pro-inflammatory activity before transplantation is a pathological driver of MACE and all-cause mortality after transplantation. This information adds to pretransplantation risk estimation in renal transplant candidates. Transplant International 2019; 32: 933-948

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