The effects of differentially preferred extrinsic rewards and familiarity of rewarder on subsequent intrinsic motivation for a reading task were investigated in 96 second-, third-, and fourth-grade children. The results revealed that children rewarded by a controlling familiar person spent less time with a book and read fewer words than those rewarded by an unfamiliar person, except when no reward was offered. For the controlling familiar groups, the high-preference reward condition resulted in significantly less time spent with the book than did the no-reward condition. For the unfamiliar groups, in contrast, the high-preference condition resulted in significantly more time spent with the book than did the no-reward condition. These findings are discussed within the context of cognitive evaluation theory.
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In a study with an elderly female subject, two behavioral treatments were evaluated in terms of their effectiveness in decreasing orofacial movement associated with tardive dyskinesia. Video feedback and discreet-discrete prompting, a self-control procedure using a portable audio signal generator, were compared by means of an alternating treatments experimental design. Video and instructional controls were included in the study. Results indicated that both procedures were effective in decreasing orofacial movement. In addition, during the concluding phase of the study, a prompting card was carried by the subject at all times as a reminder to control mouth movements on an ongoing basis. This concluding phase resulted in generalization of treatment effects to the nontreatment environment. Follow-up sessions indicated maintenance of treatment effects.
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