The relationship of group context and intelligence to the overjustification effect

DeLoach, Linda L.; Griffith, Kirk M.; LaBarba, Richard C.

doi:10.3758/bf03334713

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…5 -1.6lb Danner and Lonkey (1981) 30 30 -1.33b -1.23 DeLoach, Griffith, and LaBarba (1983) 26 26 0.00 Dimitroff (1984) Fabes, McCullers, and Hom (1986) Tripathi and Agarwal (1988) 20 10 0.87 1.01 M Weinberg and Jackson (1979) 40 40 0.00 L Note. NE = sample size of experimental group, Nc = sample size of control group, M = maximum reward, L = less than maximum reward, NI = not enough information.…”

Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

2001

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A major concern in psychology and education is that rewards decrease intrinsic motivation to perform activities. Over the past 30 years, more than 100 experimental studies have been conducted on this topic. In 1994, Cameron and Pierce conducted a meta-analysis of this literature and concluded that negative effects of reward were limited and could be easily prevented in applied settings. A more recent meta-analysis of the literature by Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (1999) shows pervasive negative effects of reward. The purpose of the present article is to resolve differences in previous meta-analytic findings and to provide a meta-analysis of rewards and intrinsic motivation that permits tests of competing theoretical explanations. Our results suggest that in general, rewards are not harmful to motivation to perform a task. Rewards given for low-interest tasks enhance free-choice intrinsic motivation. On high-interest tasks, verbal rewards produce positive effects on free-choice motivation and self-reported task interest. Negative effects are found on high-interest tasks when the rewards are tangible, expected (offered beforehand), and loosely tied to level of performance. When rewards are linked to level of performance, measures of intrinsic motivation increase or do not differ from a nonrewarded control group. Overall, the pattern of results indicates that reward contingencies do not have pervasive negative effects on intrinsic motivation. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are addressed.

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Section: Appendix Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

2001

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A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Deci

Koestner²,

Ryan³

1999

Psychological Bulletin

5,051

152

3,633

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A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards significantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d = -0.40, -0.36, and -0.28, respectively), as did all rewards, all tangible rewards, and all expected rewards. Engagement-contingent and completioncontingent rewards also significantly undermined self-reported interest (d = -0.15, and -0.17), as did all tangible rewards and all expected rewards. Positive feedback enhanced both free-choice behavior (d = 0.33) and self-reported interest (d = 0.31). Tangible rewards tended to be more detrimental for children than college students, and verbal rewards tended to be less enhancing for children than college students. The authors review 4 previous meta-analyses of this literature and detail how this study's methods, analyses, and results differed from the previous ones.By 1971, hundreds of studies within the operant tradition (Skinner, 1953) had established that extrinsic rewards can control behavior. When administered closely subsequent to a behavior, rewards were reliably found to increase the likelihood that the behavior would be emitted again, an effect that persisted as long as the reward contingency was operative. When rewards were terminated, the likelihood that the behavior would be emitted eventually returned to the prereward baseline. This general finding led to the widespread advocacy of rewards as a motivational strategy, and behavior-change programs based heavily on the use of rewards were introduced into a variety of applied settings.In 1971, Deci (1971 argued that some activities provide their own inherent reward, so motivation for these activities is not dependent on external rewards. In line with White (1959), Deci referred to such activities as intrinsically motivated and raised the question of how extrinsic rewards would affect people's intrinsic motivation for these activities. Research reported in that and subsequent papers (Deci, 1971(Deci, , 1972a(Deci, , 1972b revealed that tangible rewards (viz., money) could undermine college students' intrinsic

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Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis

Cameron

Pierce

1994

Review of Educational Research

758

155

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This article reviews research on the effects of reinforcement/reward on intrinsic motivation. The main meta-analysis included 96 experimental studies that used between-groups designs to compare rewarded subjects to nonrewarded controls on four measures of intrinsic motivation. Results indicate that, overall, reward does not decrease intrinsic motivation. When interaction effects are examined, findings show that verbal praise produces an increase in intrinsic motivation. The only negative effect appears when expected tangible rewards are given to individuals simply for doing a task. Under this condition, there is a minimal negative effect on intrinsic motivation as measured by time spent on task following the removal of reward. A second analysis was conducted on five studies that used within-subject designs to evaluate the effects of reinforcement on intrinsic motivation; results suggest that reinforcement does not harm an individual’s intrinsic motivation.

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The relationship of group context and intelligence to the overjustification effect

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues

A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis

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