Introduction: Coronavirus emerged as a pandemic in 2019 with the SARS COV 2 virus infecting people worldwide. Although PCR successfully detected symptomatic patients, asymptomatic patients remained undetected due to limitation of resources. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of IgM and IgG antibodies in the faculty, staff, and MBBS students in Medical school and tertiary care hospital, Pakistan. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 asymptomatic healthy subjects, from September to December 2020 in Biochemistry department Shalamar Medical and Dental College (SMDC). Rapid antibody test was used to determine the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies in the subjects. Those found IgM positive were validated by COVID 19 detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: Anti-SARS-COV 2 antibodies was observed in 19.6 % of 500 asymptomatic subjects. Significant reactive cases were identified in hospital staff (27.5%) compared to hospital faculty (23.4%), medical students (21.4%), college faculty (6.12%) followed by college staff (3.06%). Significant reactive cases (47.9%) were identified in middle age group i.e. between 31 to 45 years. IgG was more prevalent than IgM and 2% of the subjects showed coagulation disorders who were both IgG and IgM positive. Conclusion: Prevalence of 19.6% of Anti-SARS-COV 2 antibodies was observed in asymptomatic subjects. Prevalence was more in males, people in the middle age group i.e. 31 to 45 years and in hospital staff and faculty. Recommendations: Based on the study it is recommended that Rapid COVID 19- SRAC-2 antibody test, which is cost effective and rapid method may be used to detect the COVID 19 in developing countries with limited resources.
Background: Esophageal variceal related bleeding is a lethal outcome of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis with mortality. Objective: To assess esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis using non-invasive parameters. Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Background: Close relatives of tuberculosis patients may be at increased risk of developing the disease as they are in close contact with them Objectives: A cross-sectional research was conducted to determine correlation of Vitamin D with monocytes and lymphocytes in individuals with active tuberculosis as well as their care takers. Material and Methods: Total of 83 subjects was divided into three groups. Of the 83 participants, 31 had active tuberculosis, while 31 were adult family members who lived with and looked after the patients. 21 healthy age matched individuals were chosen to form the control group. SWISS Max analyzer was used to evaluate the levels of lymphocytes and monocytes in the blood and Vitamin D was measured by ELISA. Results: Vitamin D levels and monocyte lymphocyte count in the three groups showed substantial variation. The patient's monocyte and lymphocyte count showed a statistically significant correlation. However there was non-significant correlation of vitamin D with both monocyte and lymphocyte. Conclusion: Caretakers of active tuberculosis patients showed increased levels of circulating monocytes, lymphocytes as well as lower vitamin D levels with increased risk of developing tuberculosis. Keywords: care taker, tuberculosis, vitamin D, monocyte and lymphocyte
Objective: To find the probable role of Homocysteine as a prognostic indicator for women with Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension and comparison of Homocysteine Levels in Normal Versus pre-eclamptic women. Study Design: Cross Sectional Comparative study. Setting: Gynecology Unit of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Period: May 2017 to Oct 2017. Material & Methods: Thirty four consented pre-eclamptic pregnant women with age range 29 to 35 years were included in the study. 20 age matched pregnant women with no history of any clinical problem were taken as controls. A questionnaire based on age, obstetric details including detail of gravida, family history etc was filled by both subjects and controls. Anthropometric parameters were noted based on height and weight. Blood sample of both patients and controls was drawn for estimation of blood urea, serum creatinine, and homocysteine. Results: Mean age of women was 31 year with BMI 27.0 Kg/m2. Levels of serum homocysteine were significantly more women with pre-eclampsia in comparison with cases of controls. However the values of blood urea and serum creatinine were insignificantly high in pre-eclamptic women in comparison with their controls. Conclusion: Serum homocysteine as a biomarker may help to find out its additive importance in the prediction of pre-eclampsia and the severity of its related complications.
Early onset neonatal sepsis is invariably very common and serious problem worldwide, especially it is one of the important etiological factor for deaths of neonates in Pakistan. Acute renal failure is frequently seen in neonates with sepsis. Objectives: The aim of present study was to determine the correlation of renal function tests (Blood Urea and creatinine) with early onset neonatal sepsis. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Paediatric Medicine Sir Ganga Ram hospital, Lahore. Period: Six months from 20th March to 20th September 2018. Material & Methods: Total 300 cases of neonatal sepsis with acute renal failure were included in this study after taking informed consent from the parents. Cases selection was done with help of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Daily blood urea and serum creatinine were calculated from birth to first 7 days of life. If any of blood urea or serum creatinine was deranged, the neonate was labelled as having acute renal failure. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS software version 21. Results: Mean age of all cases was 2.82±1.56 days. The minimum and maximum age limits of the neonates were 1 and 7 days respectively. Gender distribution of neonate showed that 57% of the neonates were male and 43% were females. At the 2nd day of life, mean serum creatinine level was 1.12±0.39, at 3rd day 1.19±0.51, at 4th day 1.41±0.38, at 5th day 1.33±0.39, at 6th day 1.19±0.39, and at 7th day mean serum creatinine level was 1.09±0.31 respectively. At 2nd day of birth mean blood urea was 54.82±34.77, at 3rd day59.50±28.22 at 4th day 74.94±30.37, at 5th day 67.09±26.94, at 6th day 56.09±25.76, at 7th day mean blood urea level was 47.66±22.47 respectively. Frequency of acute renal failure was observed in 28.3% of the neonates while the remaining 71.7% of neonates did not suffer from acute renal failure. Conclusion: Early onset neonatal sepsis contributes significantly to development of acute renal failure in neonates.
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