IoV is the latest application of VANET and is the alliance of Internet and IoT. With the rapid progress in technology, people are searching for a traffic environment where they would have maximum collaboration with their surroundings which comprise other vehicles. It has become a necessity to find such a traffic environment where we have less traffic congestion, minimum chances of a vehicular collision, minimum communication delay, fewer communication errors, and a greater message delivery ratio. For this purpose, a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was devised where vehicles were communicating with each other in an infrastructureless environment. In VANET, vehicles communicate in an ad hoc manner and communicate with each other to deliver messages, for infotainment purposes or for warning other vehicles about emergency scenarios. Unmanned aerial vehicle- (UAV-) assisted VANET is one of the emerging fields nowadays. For VANET’s routing efficiency, several routing protocols are being used like optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, and destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) protocol. To meet the need of the upcoming era of artificial intelligence, researchers are working to improve the route optimization problems in VANETs by employing UAVs. The proposed system is based on a model of VANET involving interaction with aerial nodes (UAVs) for efficient data delivery and better performance. Comparisons of traditional routing protocols with UAV-based protocols have been made in the scenario of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Later on, communication of vehicles via aerial nodes has been studied for the same purpose. The results have been generated through various simulations. After performing extensive simulations by varying different parameters over grid sizes of 300 × 1500 m to 300 × 6000 m, it is evident that although the traditional DSDV routing protocol performs 14% better than drone-assisted destination-sequenced distance vector (DA-DSDV) when we have number of sinks equal to 25, the performance of drone-assisted optimized link state routing (DA-OLSR) protocol is 0.5% better than that of traditional OLSR, whereas drone-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (DA-AODV) performs 22% better than traditional AODV. Moreover, if we increase the number of sinks up to 50, it can be clearly seen that the DA-AODV outperforms the rest of the routing protocols by up to 60% (either traditional routing protocol or drone-assisted routing protocol). In addition, for parameters like MAC/PHY overhead and packet delivery ratio, the performance of our proposed drone-assisted variants of protocols is also better than that of the traditional routing protocols. These results show that our proposed strategy performs better than the traditional VANET protocols and plays important role in minimizing the MAC/PHY and enhancing the average throughput along with average packet delivery ratio.
Purpose: The study was conducted to determine the association of screen time with the shoulder pain and disability among office workers. Method: A cross sectional Analytical study was conducted on office workers in Islamabad and Rawalpindi from July 2020 To January 2021. 370 office workers of age 25-45 and having working hours greater than 6 were included in the study. Association between the variables was checked by calculating r value of SPADI variables individually with screen time and it was 0.271 for Screen time and SPADI pain scale, 0.240 for Screen time and SPADI disability scale, and 0.245 for Screen time and total SPADI score. Findings: As all the values lies between 0-0.3, it shows that there is a weak positive co-relation between the Screen time and Shoulder pain and disability. The results of the current study concluded that there is a week positive correlation between the screen time and SPADI. Practical Implications: Overusing screen-based technologies is creating issues in the community by harming physical health, contributing to bad posture, and misaligning the skeleton. Therefore, the research will provide a starting point for data from which additional research can be done. Keywords: SPADI pain and disability, Shoulder disability, Painful Shoulder, Office workers and screen time.
Objectives: To determine the impact of having private health insurance during the period of maternity on low birth-weight (LBW) infants.Methods: This retrospective case-control study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, between January 2020 and January 2021. Using non-probability sampling, secondary medical data were obtained at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology from two groups: insured and non-insured mothers who had 150 LBW infants (LBWI) (<2.5 kg) as well as normal newborns. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). A univariate analysis was performed for each variable followed by a logistic regression analysis to explain the relationship between the dependent (LBW) and independent variables (health insurance status, prenatal care, and inter-pregnancy interval).Results: Out of 300 mothers, the majority were in the age group 21-34 years (86%). The LBWI mothers were insured in about 55% of cases. Around 43% had insurance for 1-2 years, and 44.7% of insured mothers were covered by a "class A" health plan. The findings revealed a significant correlation between the duration of maternal insurance coverage period and LBW; it reduced the risk of LBW by 95% CI. The inter-pregnancy interval was 51.3%, with a p-value of 0.33. Conclusion: Private health insurance offers coverage, stability, and consistency in Saudi Arabia, which results in better birth outcomes by decreasing both infant mortality and morbidity rates among insured females.
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Background: Cerebral palsy is Non-Progressive developmental disability disorder in children. CP used for a broad term umbrella term for various neurological conditions that effects movements and posture because of damage in developing brain in early stages. There are topographically classifications which are based on effective part of body due to brain damage in CP. It includes Monoplegia, dieplagia, hemiplegia, paraplegia, Trapaga, quadriplegia. Types of CP with brain lesion include Spastic CP, Ataxic CP, Athletic CP, Dystonic and Mixed cerebral palsy. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of nutritional status on associated symptoms in children with cerebral palsy. Material and Methodology: A Cross Sectional Survey was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status and associated symptoms in cerebral palsy children. The sample was collected from PIMS, NIRM and HFH hospital, after taking Approval from REC and the setting. A total of 257 CP children with ages between 2 to 12 years and fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Children were assessed using CPQL, CHQ and Nutritional assessment chart. Data collection tools/instruments structured questioner guide was used to collect data. From these questionnaires, data was collected about cerebral palsy children. Statistical Analysis: Demographic details are measured through calculating the percentages. Data will be analysed through SPSS version 21 Results: Out of 257 children 195 were having fiber in diet, 62 were not reported to have any fiber diet, 209 were having protein in diet and 48 were not reported to have any protein diet, 232 were having carbohydrate in diet and 25 were not reported to have any carbohydrate diet. Conclusion: Most of the children were suffering from GIT problems with most of the cases reporting of constipation and alternating Diarrhoea. Children who were at low level of GMFCS were having CNS symptoms i.e. balance problem and seizures and children with low BMI were showing CVS, respiratory and renal symptoms. Keywords: Ataxia, CP cerebral palsy, Nutritional Status, Ataxia, Spastic
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