Museum records have great potential to provide valuable insights into the vulnerability, historic distribution, and conservation of species, especially when coupled with species-distribution models used to predict species' ranges. Yet, the increasing dependence on species-distribution models in identifying conservation priorities calls for a more critical evaluation of model robustness. We used 11 bird species of conservation concern in Brazil's highly fragmented Atlantic Forest and data on environmental conditions in the region to predict species distributions. These predictions were repeated for five different model types for each of the 11 bird species. We then combined these species distributions for each model separately and applied a reserveselection algorithm to identify priority sites. We compared the potential outcomes from the reserve selection among the models. Although similarity in identification of conservation reserve networks occurred among models, models differed markedly in geographic scope and flexibility of reserve networks. It is essential for planners to evaluate the conservation implications of false-positive and false-negative errors for their specific management scenario before beginning the modeling process. Reserve networks selected by models that minimized false-positive errors provided a better match with priority areas identified by specialists. Thus, we urge caution in the use of models that overestimate species' occurrences because they may misdirect conservation action. Our approach further demonstrates the great potential value of museum records to biodiversity studies and the utility of species-distribution models to conservation decision-making. Our results also demonstrate, however, that these models must be applied critically and cautiously.Resumen: Los registros de museos tienen un gran valor potencial al proporcionar entendimiento sobre la vulnerabilidad, distribución histórica y conservación de especies, especialmente cuando se combinan con modelos de distribución de especies utilizados para predecir los rangos de distribución de las especies. No obstante, la mayor dependencia sobre los modelos de distribución de especies para la identificación de prioridades de conservación requiere una evaluación crítica de la robustez del modelo. Utilizamos 11 especies de aves de interés para la conservación en el muy fragmentado Bosque Atlántico en Brasil así como datos de condiciones ambientales en la región para predecir la distribución de las especies. Estas predicciones fueron repetidas para cinco tipos diferentes de modelos para cada una de las 11 especies de aves. Luego combinamos estas distribuciones de especies para cada modelo por separado y aplicamos un algoritmo de selección de reservas para identificar sitios prioritarios. Comparamos los resultados potenciales de la selección de reservas ‡ 1592Using Models to Inform Conservation Planning Loiselle et al.entre modelos. Aunque hubo similitud entre los modelos en la identificación de redes de reservas, los modelos difirieron ma...

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We examined emergence of male and female 13-yr periodical cicadas (Brood XIX) and mortality, due to avian predation, fungal infection (Massospora cicadina), environmental factors, and senescence. We compared relative contributions of the sources of mortality, and determined the temporal pattern of avian predation associated with predator satiation and mortality. Based on a mean density of 6.65 emergence holes/m 2 , we estimated that 1 063 300 cicadas emerged on our 16-ha study area in northwestern Arkansas during May 1985. Males appeared first in emergence traps in early May and emerged more synchronously than did females. About 50% of the population emerged during four consecutive nights, and peak abundance of adult cicadas occurred in late May. Based on samples from mortality traps, at least 40% of the population died in severe thunderstorms during the first week of June, demonstrating that stochastic factors can be major influences on periodical cicada populations. Fungal infection was not a major source of mortality.The first cicadas that emerged in early May were eaten by birds, but avian predators became satiated. Birds consumed 15-40% of the standing crop at low cicada densities, but very little of the standing crop was consumed when cicada densities were > 24 000 individuals/ha on the study site. Avian predators appeared to be satiated for several weeks, and by the time their foraging activities increased due to demands imposed by feeding young, density of adult cicadas was relatively low. Mortality due to predation gradually increased to near 100% as the density of adult cicadas declined in June. Based on estimates of cicada emergence and deaths due to avian predation where adult cicada activity was greatest, birds consumed only ~ 15% of the adult cicada population. Therefore, only a small proportion of the adult cicada population was actually consumed by avian predators. These results demonstrate that, indeed, the synchronized, explosive emergences of periodical cicadas may be classical examples of predator satiation.

Chronic aphasia is a common consequence of a left-hemisphere stroke. Since the early insights by Broca and Wernicke, studying the relationship between the loci of cortical damage and patterns of language impairment has been one of the concerns of aphasiology. We utilized multivariate classification in a cross-validation framework to predict the type of chronic aphasia from the spatial pattern of brain damage. Our sample consisted of 98 patients with five types of aphasia (Broca’s, Wernicke’s, global, conduction, and anomic), classified based on scores on the Western Aphasia Battery. Binary lesion maps were obtained from structural MRI scans (obtained at least 6 months poststroke, and within 2 days of behavioural assessment); after spatial normalization, the lesions were parcellated into a disjoint set of brain areas. The proportion of damage to the brain areas was used to classify patients’ aphasia type. To create this parcellation, we relied on five brain atlases; our classifier (support vector machine) could differentiate between different kinds of aphasia using any of the five parcellations. In our sample, the best classification accuracy was obtained when using a novel parcellation that combined two previously published brain atlases, with the first atlas providing the segmentation of grey matter, and the second atlas used to segment the white matter. For each aphasia type, we computed the relative importance of different brain areas for distinguishing it from other aphasia types; our findings were consistent with previously published reports of lesion locations implicated in different types of aphasia. Overall, our results revealed that automated multivariate classification could distinguish between aphasia types based on damage to atlas-defined brain areas.

This article introduces the official providers of developing co-operation from beyond the membership of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee. In Section 2, it provides an overview of their volumes of development co-operation and key features, distinguishing between 'emerging donors', 'providers of South-South Development Co-operation' and 'Arab donors'. Section 3 offers insights into the opportunities and risks brought by their growing presence in developing countries. Section 4 examines their impact on the international development co-operation system, which is under increasing pressure to become more inclusive. The concluding section takes an optimistic look at the growing opportunities for mutual learning and collaboration between all providers of development co-operation.

A number of brain regions have been implicated in articulation, but their precise computations remain debated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examine the degree of functional specificity of articulation-responsive brain regions to constrain hypotheses about their contributions to speech production. We find that articulation-responsive regions (1) are sensitive to articulatory complexity, but (2) are largely nonoverlapping with nearby domain-general regions that support diverse goal-directed behaviors. Furthermore, premotor articulation regions show selectivity for speech production over some related tasks (respiration control), but not others (nonspeech oral-motor [NSO] movements). This overlap between speech and nonspeech movements concords with electrocorticographic evidence that these regions encode articulators and their states, and with patient evidence whereby articulatory deficits are often accompanied by oral-motor deficits. In contrast, the superior temporal regions show strong selectivity for articulation relative to nonspeech movements, suggesting that these regions play a specific role in speech planning/production. Finally, articulation-responsive portions of posterior inferior frontal gyrus show some selectivity for articulation, in line with the hypothesis that this region prepares an articulatory code that is passed to the premotor cortex. Taken together, these results inform the architecture of the human articulation system.

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology.Abstract. Vegetational and physical habitat factors were measured in 110 0.05-ha circular plots around singing d d of eight bird species in a small watershed in northwestern Arkansas during June and July 1973. Sixty birdless plots were similarly sampled in the driest and most moist areas of the watershed to determine a forest moisture gradient. Principal component analysis of the combined avian community habitat data determined that the forest moisture gradient is important in the distribution of the birds, although multiple analysis of variance showed that no one factor can account for the significant distribution. Principal component analysis of the individual species determined the unique characteristics of the realized niches of each species. An ordination of the species using linear discriminant function analysis of the 60 forest samples was similar to the ordination based on the bird distribution, but suggests that other factors are determining the precise distribution of the birds. No species shows a great affinity for the drier forest, although Tufted Titmice seem able to utilize the moist and dry forests equally. The Hooded Warbler, Ovenbird, and Acadian Flycatcher have shorter niche widths than early arriving migrants and permanent residents and can be considered obligatory moist forest species. The results show that the moist forest is of great importance to the avian community and reasons for the lack of birds in the dry forest are discussed.