Acinetobacter baumannii became a serious endemic and widespread pathogen responsible for causing nosocomial infections due to restricted treatment options. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of both antibiotic resistance and genetic pattern in infection caused by MBLs resistance A. baumannii isolated in Baghdad hospitals. Finally, developing selective media in order to detect multidrug resistance A. baumannii isolates according to colony shape appearance changing. Collected 124 isolates from various clinical and environmental sources. Biofilm Formation was detected, Antibiotic sensitive for 21 antibiotic discs were determined, MDR index calculated, PCR was performed to investigate MBLs genes bla (IMP2,
Objective To describe epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region countries and assist in introduction of new bacterial vaccines. Study design A laboratory-based sentinel surveillance was established in 2004, and up to 10 countries joined the network until 2010. Personnel at participating hospitals and national public health laboratories received training in surveillance and laboratory methods and used standard clinical and laboratory-confirmed case definitions. Results Over 22 000 suspected cases of meningitis were reported among children ≤5 years old and >6600 among children >5 years old. In children ≤5 years old, 921 of 13 125 probable cases (7.0%) were culture-confirmed. The most commonly isolated pathogens were S pneumoniae (27% of confirmed cases), N meningitidis (22%), and H influenzae (10%). Among culture-confirmed case-patients with known outcome, case-fatality rate was 7.0% and 12.2% among children ≤5 years old and those >5 years old, respectively. Declining numbers of Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis cases within 2 years post-Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine introduction were observed in Pakistan. Conclusions Bacterial meningitis continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Surveillance networks for bacterial meningitis ensure that all sites are using standardized methodologies. Surveillance data are useful to monitor impact of various interventions including vaccines, but maintaining data quality requires consistent reporting and regular technical support.
Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen and a cause of severe infections in hospitalized patients, owing to its ability to acquire drug resistance by the efflux pump mechanism. The current study investigated the detection and prevalence of efflux pump genes (AdeABC) in multidrug resistant A. baumannii isolates and the role of these genes in multidrug and carbapenems resistance. Methods: This study was conducted on 84 multidrug resistant and 13 carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii isolates obtained from burn and wound infections in Baghdad hospitals, Iraq. The AdeABC genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Phe-arg-beta-naphthylamide (PAβN)-based method was used for determination of efflux pump activity. Results: This study showed high prevalence of efflux pump genes in our local isolates. The AdeB gene was present in all multidrug resistant isolates (100%) while AdeRS gene was found in 95.2%, AdeC gene in 83.3% and AdeA gene in 77.4%. By comparing the prevalence of these gene in carbapenem-susceptible isolates, it was demonstrated that the gene AdeB was absent in all susceptible isolates, also the regulatory gene AdeRS was not found in most of these isolates, while the other genes (AdeA and AdeC) were detected in most carbapenem-susceptible isolates. Susceptibility of isolates to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Tetracycline and Tigecycline was highly increased in the presence of efflux pump inhibitor, so that, PAβN reduced the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by 4 to 32 folds. Also, MICs of carbapenems were reduced in the presence of the inhibitor by two to eight folds, while the MICs of colistin were not affected. Conclusions: AdeABC efflux system plays a vital role in multidrug resistance in clinical A. baumannii isolates. It was noted that the most important gene responsible for multidrug resistance within this system was the AdeB gene especially in carbapenems resistance.
Qurum sense is regulatory systems that enable bacteria to expretion for a specific set of genes by making collective decisions and regulation of virulence factors of pathogenic Acintobacter baumannii, the prevalence of carbapenem resistance among (8) different antibiotic groups pattern. In the MDR index, all isolates showed high MDR, ranged from (6-21) antibiotics. MDR index is between (0.29-1.0).Quantitative biofilm production assay showed that 118/124(95.1%)of isolates were biofilm-formers. Detection of QS genes showed that (97.6%)121/124,(98.3%)122\124 and (4.8%)of isolates carried luxR, rhlI and rhIR genes, respectivelly. All isolates possess rhIR gene are isolated from child meningococcal patients and characterized by the strong biofilm formation. Identification of abaI gene in A.baumannii producing the QS signal molecules detected in124\124(100%). The current study revealed a strong relationship between Q.S genes luxR,rhII,rhIR and oxacillinases presence OXA23, OXA69. While a strong negative correlation between OXA48 and OXA69 with the rhIR gene. All isolates carried Integron I(n=124)(100%) with a significant presence of (luxR, rhII) genes, while INT2,3 had a highly significant level with rhIR. Noteworthy, (n=105) 84.7% of OXA51 positive isolates have carried ISAbal-blaOXA-51, whereas all isolates which have OXA23 carried ISAbal-blaOXA-23(n=65)52.4% most of them revealed IMP&MEM resistance phenotype. Insertion sequence(ISAbal-blaOXA-51) showed significant correlation with luxR, rhII genes, while there was no correlation among ISAbal25, ISAbal, ISAbal25-blaADC and luxR, rhII. Positive correlation recorded with all IS with rhIR, except ISAbal-blaADC.ads-a gene was observed in 77/124(62.1%) of isolates, which associated with aminoglycoside resistance, and included within the 93 XDR isolates. Studied isolates showed the same prevelance rate for ompA, smpA which was122\124(98.4%) of isolates.
This study was for searching for Cholera Bacteria serotype which causes epidemiology Cholera in the 2007 in a fast method which contains (Rapid Visual Test) (Crystal V.C.) which was used for the first time in Iraq to diagnosis of Cholera Bacteria & compared with the traditional bacteriology method. The Cholera disease is one of the most dangerous epidemiological diseases which lead to death with a percentage of (50 – 70) % in the severe cases for untreated patients . For this purpose, 100 samples of stool from the patients from a (13) hospitals in Baghdad Governorate in the period from August to the end of December. The Cholera was diagnosis in two methods, 1st method was the fast method using the nitrocellulose which is coated with anti-body of Cholera Bacteria .The results was compared with the 2nd method which depends on the cultural characteristics of the cultural media, also the bacteria was diagnosis using the biochemical inspects by the system of API 20E in addition to the using of antisera to specify serotype& sub-serotype ( Monovalent, Polyvalent(O1) . Also, the relation between the disease & the months in the year in which the disease appear was studied. The results show the ability to isolate & identifecate (78) isolate for the serotype (01) in the fast method ( Rapid Visual Test ) ( Crystal V-C ) , & after the bacteriology inspects on these (78) isolate the all isolates were belongs for Cholera Bacteria of the serotype (01) till the sub-serotype , all the (78) isolates were belongs to the sub-serotype (Inaba). The results show, the most infection was in September (36) , & October (22).
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