Purpose:This is a gap in knowledge related to leisure behaviours among mothers who have children with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). This study intended to understand leisure behaviours associated with leisure constraints among these mother caregivers. Method: Using a series of semi- structured interviews, a total of 12 participants engaged in this study. Results: Our findings consisted of two sections: (1) leisure negotiation and (2) leisure constraints which are (a) a lack of time for themselves, (b) constant attention, and (c) difficulty in finding a helper. Conclusions: This study found that participants modified their leisure patterns as they sought to provide more recreational opportunities for their children. It suggests that participants negotiated their leisure choices and developed family adaptability related to family leisure in order to suit the desires and needs of their child with ASD.
Project GAIN (Golf: Accessible and Inclusive Networks) is a theory-based curriculum developed to promote an active life-style and inclusion of individuals with disabilities by enhancing their self-effi cacy through golf. Over a 5-year period (2004 -2008), 814 participants with and without disabilities from six cities across the USA formally enrolled in Project GAIN. Mentors were used to increase lesson participation, engagement between lessons, and inclusion in golfrelated activities. For this study, data from 327 individuals with disabilities and 295 mentors with and without disabilities were used for analysis purposes. Data included measures of perceived self-effi cacy in golf, future plans in golf, and a weekly log of golf-related activities. Paired-samples t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA were utilized to examine the effects of Project GAIN on participants ' intention to participate and actual participation in golf-related activities. Results indicated that both study groups (individuals with disabilities and mentors) signifi cantly increased their self-effi cacy in golf as well as their intention to play golf in future. Signifi cant increases in golf-related activity were reported in weekly logs over the 5 weeks of data collection. Bonferroni post hoc tests were employed to examine mean differences between weekly observations. Signifi cant mean differences between weeks 1 and 3, and 1 and 5 were found. The Project GAIN curriculum successfully contributed to improving participants ' belief that they could play golf. The study fi ndings support the effectiveness of Project GAIN in increasing golf-related activities that may lead to increased inclusion and physical activity.
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