The anti-thrombotic properties of anthocyanin (ACN) supplementation was evaluated in this randomised, double-blind, placebo (PBO) controlled, cross-over design, dietary intervention trial in sedentary population. In all, sixteen participants (three males and thirteen females) consumed ACN (320 mg/d) or PBO capsules for 28 d followed by a 2-week wash-out period. Biomarkers of thrombogenesis and platelet activation induced by ADP; platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and arachidonic acid; biochemical, lipid, inflammatory and coagulation profile were evaluated before and after supplementation. ACN supplementation reduced monocyte-platelet aggregate formation by 39 %; inhibited platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression by 14 %; reduced platelet activation-dependant conformational change and degranulation by reducing procaspase activating compound-1 (PAC-1) (↓10 %) and P-selectin expression (↓14 %), respectively; and reduced ADP-induced whole blood platelet aggregation by 29 %. Arachidonic acid and collagen-induced platelet aggregation; biochemical, lipid, inflammatory and coagulation parameters did not change post-ACN supplementation. PBO treatment did not have an effect on the parameters tested. The findings suggest that dietary ACN supplementation has the potential to alleviate biomarkers of thrombogenesis, platelet hyperactivation and hyper-aggregation in sedentary population.

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This ex vivo study was performed to evaluate the anti-platelet and anti-thrombogenic potential of shikimic acid (SA), a plant phenolic metabolite. Fasting blood samples were collected from 22 sedentary participants to analyse the effect of varying concentrations of SA (0.1 mM, 0.2 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM) on platelet surface-marker expression, platelet aggregation and biomarkers of thrombogenesis. Monocyte-platelet aggregates (CD14/CD42b) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1 or CD31), effective indicators of thrombus formation were evaluated. Procaspase-activating compound 1 (PAC-1) and P-selectin or CD62P were used to assess platelet activation-related thrombogenesis. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was used to stimulate the P2Y1/P2Y12 pathway of platelet activation to mimic the in vivo thrombogenic pathway. Platelet aggregation studies utilised both ADP and collagen as exogenous platelet agonists to target both P2Y1/P2Y12 and GPVI pathways of thrombus formation. It was observed with flow cytometry that SA produced a significant antiplatelet effect on PAC-1 (p = 0.03 at 2 mM) and CD62P (p = 0.017, p = 0.036 at 1 mM and 2 mM respectively) expression in addition to lowering monocyte-platelet aggregate formation (p = 0.013, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01 at 0.5 mM, 1 mM and 2 mM respectively). SA at 1 mM concentration reduced PECAM-1 expression (p = 0.035), signifying a reduction to endothelial leucocyte migration during thrombus growth. SA did not demonstrate a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect by targeting the GPVI collagen pathway but reduced ADP induced platelet aggregation at 2 mM concentration (p < 0.01 at 2 mM). The results suggest that SA, an active metabolite of polyphenol-rich food intake, could play an important role in reducing platelet activation, aggregation related thrombus formation and biomarkers of thrombogenesis in sedentary individuals.