Wastewater treatment using various existing technologies, including advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, and membrane separation for various pollutants removal from industrial and municipal wastewater streams, is an essential aspect of reaching environmental sustainability to keep human well-being and healthy economic growth. However, some challenging elements along with the wastewater treatment process affect pollutant removal efficiency and other resources. This condition will lead to various uncertainty in the wastewater treatment system related to the fluctuations in the quality of treated water and wastewater, operation costs, and environmental risk. Artificial intelligence can then be such a reliable solution to predict and minimize those complications and optimize the process and parameters implemented in the wastewater treatment system.
Carbon black is known as an excellent reinforced filler for rubber compounding, this petroleum based product needs to be substituted using renewable or mineral filler due to some negative adverse. In this paper, natural rubber (NR) – styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (50/50) phr binary blends based on polyethylene glycol-modified kaolin (PEG-K) and carbon black CB hybrid filler were synthesized. The rubber formulation was designed for idler roller for charcoal conveyor in open peat mining application. The present study investigates the effect of PEG-K and CB composition on curing, physical, tensile and oil, and acid resistance of the binary blends. The effect was examined by varying the composition of PEG-K/CB as follows: 50/0; 40/10; 30/20; 20/30; 10/40; 0/50 phr/phr of the hybrid filler. The rubber compounding was conducted in accordance with the ASTM D3142, and the testing procedures were analyzed based on international standards. The vulcanizates were prepared by heating press at 140 °C for about 25 minutes. The results showed that the processing-ability of a single filler is easier than the higher hybrid filler. The rheological analysis showed that the higher PEG-K may increase the cure rate index, but the lower PEG-K might improve cross-linking density. The higher loading CB improved the specific gravity and hardness, tensile strength slightly, while there is less significant effect on decreasing compression set, abrasion resistance, and elongation at break. Meanwhile, the higher number CB of binary blends has better oil and acid resistance than the PEG-K. Compared to idler roller specification in the market, the vulcanizates in this research have better quality.
The increasing concern over environmental problems and the demand for renewable raw materials continues to increase, making researchers must find the right solution to overcome these problems. One solution is to reduce the use of synthetic fibers, which can replace natural fibers. This article is to review the use of bamboo fiber as a reinforcement to improve the physical and mechanical properties of composites, starting from the manufacturing process to its future potential. The matrix, which usually used as a binder of bamboo fiber, is thermoset and thermoplastic. As time goes by, the matrix becomes more popular. The method of making composites with Hot Press has a significant effect on composite results. The preparations and parameters involved during the process of making bamboo fiber composites with thermoset and thermoplastic matrices have a considerable impact on the results of the physical and mechanical properties of composites. Alkali treatment can eliminate hemicellulose, lignin, wax, and oil, which cover the surface of the outer walls of natural fiber cells and increase the surface roughness of the fibers, thereby increasing the bond between the polymer and the fiber. The determination of fiber composition variation plays a significant role in the physical and mechanical properties of composites. Too much pressure can damage the fiber, while too low pressure results in poor lamination consolidation. The processing temperature results in a better interface wetting between the fiber and the matrix. Holding time produces a more reliable bonding interface by removing the air gap that induced during pressing between the fiber and the matrix, thereby increasing tensile strength and modulus. The utilization of bamboo fibers to reduce synthetic fibers has opened opportunities for academics and industry to design sustainable modules to utilize bamboo fibers in the future. Making bamboo fiber-based composites with thermoset and thermoplastic matrices can reduce environmental problems and can be developed into effective biocomposites. Added with the advantages of thermosets and thermoplastics such as resistance to heat and chemicals even in extreme environments, flexible and recyclable, so that it has good potential in the future.
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