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Although nursing is well thought-out as valued and a public service leaning profession but the quality of nursing education and future of nurses remains a growing concern with International standards in Nepal. The perspective of nursing educationists reveals the scholastic, academic and practiced loom to understanding advancement in this sector. Nepal has been escalating its branches of nursing education in the Government as well as in private sectors throughout the country since 1990s. But, the development seems not to be so fruitful. The regulatory bodies and legal provisions are not so passionate towards the quality education and commercialization of nursing sector has increased drastically with numerous private nursing colleges which generate increased quantity of nursing professionals with a reduction of prospects for career and employment. The monopolies of private investors in nursing education are everincreasing day by day. The majority competent nurses desire to service in developed countries, such as the UK, North America, Australia and New Zealand due to the ineffective management strategy to hold nursing personnel in Nepal with worldwide standards. The nurse-population ratio low down in similarity to worldwide standards which definitely influences the quality of care in Nepal. There is lack in monitoring and government regulation of international nursing standards in quality education, production of effective nurses and frequently observed social and professional exploitation of nurses in Nepal. Also, nursing guidelines and policy making are not sufficient to flourish this profession. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the developing nursing education and examines diverse factors affecting the quality nursing education highlighting different challenges towards nursing profession and nurses in Nepal.

Background  and  Objectives:  In  developing  countries  like  Nepal,  the  oral  health  system  is currently  in  transition  phase  facing  a  high  prevalence  of  dental  caries.  It  has  significant  social impact in important life activities which hinders the achievement and ma intenance of good oral health  due  to  lack  of  dental  awareness  in  all  age  groups.  Streptococcus  mutans  is  the  most predominant  organism  to  cause  dental  caries.  Therefore, the  present  study  was  designed  to determine the prevalence of dental caries and to identify its etiology among adolescence.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried by following Standard protocols of Bergey’s  Manual  of  Systematic  Bacteriology  to  isolate  and  identify  the  organism.  The  data  was analyzed  using  SPPS  17.0  and  Microsoft  excels  2007  which  was  considered  as  statistically significant at p-value < 0.05.Results: The prevalence of dental caries in adolescent was found to be 33%.  The highest numbers of  patients  having  dental  caries  were  in  the  age  group  of  15-19  in  female  (66.32%)  than  male (39.70%).  Bacterial  growth  was  observed  more  in  female  (75.60%)  than  male  (24.39%)  which was found to be statistically significant (p=0.0001).  S. mutans  was found as the most important cause  of  dental  caries.  Maxillary  region  of  tooth  were  more  vulnerable  to  dental  caries  than mandibular  region  of  tooth.  Most  of  the  respondents  had  once  per  day  brushing  habit  without fluoridated dentrifice containing tooth paste.Conclusion:  The prevalence of dental caries was found one third of total.  S.mutans  was the main causes of dental caries and molars tooth are more affected than others.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol. 3 (2): 29-37

Background and Objectives:Intestinal parasitic infection is an important public health problem in Nepal because of its high morbidity and mortality. The distribution and prevalence of the various intestinal parasites species depend on social, geographical, economical and inhabitant customs. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the burden of intestinal parasitic infections and its relation with sanitary practices and socio-demographic characteristics in Muslim community of Janakpurdham, Nepal. Material and Methods:A total of 161 stool samples were collected in dry, clean and screw capped plastic container and were preserved with 10% formalin. The stool samples were examined by direct microscopy and confirmed by concentration methods. Modified Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining was performed for the detection of coccidian parasites. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results:The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection was 63.35% (male = 57.84% vs. female = 42.15%) (p = 0.321). The positive cases of parasitic infection were found to be slightly higher in less than 10 years (35.29%) than others. Hookworm (10%) and G. lamblia (28%) infection was marginally higher than other helminthic and protozoan infection. The highest number of positive cases of parasitic infection was found in those who didn't wash their hands before meal, defecates stool haphazardly in open area, didn't wash their hands after toilet, didn't trim their nail, in larger family, with low income and in housewives which was found to be statistically significant (p = <0.05). Conclusion:The health status was found poor among Nepalese Muslim people. Routine periodic screening of parasitic infection among people, changing behavior, public educations on improved personal and environmental hygiene are the fundamental principle in the control of infection.