Increased plasma NO levels are associated with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that increased plasma LPO, NO and decreased GSH levels are associated with in vivo structural changes in inner segment ellipsoid and RPE.

Correlation of increased levels of serum urea and creatinine with retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thinning on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was studied in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Sixty consecutive cases and 20 healthy controls were included. Cases were divided into three groups: without DR, non-proliferative DR with macular oedema and proliferative DR with oedema. Serum urea and creatinine were measured using a standard protocol. Average (RNFL) was measured using SD-OCT. Increased severity of DR was associated with decrease in levels of serum urea and serum creatinine levels. RNFL thinning correlated positively with increase in serum urea and creatinine levels.

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography cross-sectional imaging of the macula has conventionally been resolved into four bands. However, some doubts were raised regarding authentication of the existence of these bands. Recently, a number of studies have suggested that the second band appeared to originate from the inner segment ellipsoids of the foveal cone photoreceptors, and therefore the previously called inner segment-outer segment junction is now referred to as inner segment ellipsoidband. Photoreceptor dysfunction may be a significant predictor of visual acuity in a spectrum of surgical and medical retinal diseases. This review aims to provide an overview and summarizes the role of the photoreceptor inner segment ellipsoid band in the management and prognostication of various vitreoretinal diseases.

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