Nitric oxide and oxidative stress is associated with severity of diabetic retinopathy and retinal structural alterations

Abstract

Increased plasma NO levels are associated with increased severity of diabetic retinopathy. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that increased plasma LPO, NO and decreased GSH levels are associated with in vivo structural changes in inner segment ellipsoid and RPE.

Increased levels of Nε- Carboxy methyl lysine (Nε-CML) are associated with topographic alterations in retinal pigment epithelium: A preliminary study

“…Topography of the RPE can be non-invasively and accurately evaluated using segmentation map of RPE on SD-OCT. Our recent study highlighted the topographical alterations in RPE in diabetic retinopathy (Sharma et al, 2015). Our recent study correlated the levels of N ε -CML with severity of diabetic retinopathy and disruption of retinal photoreceptor external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone in type 2 DM .…”

“…RPE topography was studied on the SD-OCT segmentation map and RPE alterations were graded as: grade 0, No RPE alterations, grade 1, RPE alterations in up to two quadrants and grade 2, RPE alterations in more than two quadrants ( Fig. 1) (Sharma et al, 2015). Two experienced observers masked to the status of DR assessed the RPE alteration.…”

Resistive Index of Ophthalmic Artery as a Bioimaging Biomarker for the Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy

“…The second outermost band initially recognized as Inner Segment-Outer Segment junction (IS-OS) of photoreceptor in SD-OCT represents the mitochondria-rich Ellipsoid Zone (EZ) of the photoreceptors [4]. EZ disruption based on OCT of macula has been shown to be correlated significantly with severity of DR and decreased visual acuity [5].…”

“…Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was also measured. On horizontal and vertical SD-OCT scans, retinal photoreceptor EZ disruption was graded into three categories including Grade 0: Intact photoreceptor ellipsoid zone, Grade 1: Focal disruption (photoreceptor EZ disruption indicating subfoveal localized involvement), and Grade 2: Global disruption (photoreceptor EZ disruption indicating generalized involvement within the macular cube) [5].…”

“…In DR, the thickening of the basement membrane and pericyte loss in the walls of blood vessels are the earliest anatomical changes to occur and may contribute to increased vascular resistance [12,13]. Other factors that can contribute to endothelial damage and resulting increased vascular resistance include increased expression of ICAM-1 [14], advanced glycation end products [15], oxidative stress [5], and decreased capillary perfusion. Increased blood viscosity, decreased red cell deformability, and increased platelet aggregation are the rheological changes that are observed in at the capillary level [16,17].…”