Vegetable crops are acutely sensitive to pest attacks, disease proliferation, and weed development. To control these pests, farmers resort excessively to various chemical plant protection products. Therefore, this study aims to measure the intensity of pesticide use and estimate the phytosanitary pressure according to the phytosanitary practises of market gardeners in the region of Biskra, in the south-east of Algeria. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 96 randomly selected market gardeners in Biskra during two farming campaigns in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Results show that out of 70 different active substances, eighteen are mostly applied to seven inventoried vegetable species. Insecticides and fungicides are the most widespread. The average values of the calculated treatment frequency index range from 0.80 to 30.45. The phytosanitary pressure index is particularly dangerous for tomatoes, eggplants, and chilli peppers, with values ranging from 4.03 to 4.29 and 8.25, respectively. In conclusion, the surveyed areas were found to be experiencing considerable phytosanitary pressure, which would harm the environment and human health.
Pesticides are commonly applied in market gardening to improve productivity and pest control. Pesticide residues could be persistent in vegetables and generate a potential health hazard for consumers. This study has been carried out in Tunisia to assess the perceived risk of consumers exposed to pesticide residues remaining in vegetables. Two surveys with different questionnaires were conducted among 30 market gardeners and 50 households located in the Djebeniana delegation (Sfax governorate, Tunisia) in order to analyze the phytosanitary practices of farmers on the one hand, and to better understand the attitude related to vegetable consumption and awareness on pesticide residues, on the other hand. The results revealed that various phytosanitary products have been used by market gardeners (43 commercial products containing 39 different active substances (AS)). Among these AS, abamectin and methomyl are considered as highly hazardous according the WHO classification. According to the behavior of pesticides in plants, more than half of the AS. (54%) are systemic and can be absorbed by the plant and moved around in its tissues. Furthermore, the majority of the surveyed farmers had never undergone agricultural training, which is a real handicap with respect to good phytosanitary practices. After applying pesticides, the pre-harvest interval was regularly not respected by almost half of the interviewed market gardeners. In addition, the study showed that all consumers washed their vegetables before consumption, but more than half of the respondents (54%) wash their vegetables for less than a minute (simply passing them under running water). In the light of these results, it appears that consumers may be exposed to pesticide residues from vegetables on the Tunisian market, with potential effects on their health.
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