This study reports an electrochemical sensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles (MWCNTs/AuNPs) for detection of total hemoglobin (Hb) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in blood samples. Measurement of glycated hemoglobin percentage (%HbA1c) is crucial to the monitoring of glycemia in diabetes patients. The %HbA1c, which refers to the concentration ratio of HbA1c to total hemoglobin (Hb), has been widely used for accurate determination of stage-wise diabetes. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) used in the sensor were synthesized using a biological method employing passion fruit peel extracts. The resulting AuNPs are spherical with diameter approximately 18 nm, and these can be mixed with MWCNTs in various ratios to form MWCNTs/AuNPs composites. TEM imaging indicates that gold nanoparticles decorate the surface of the MWCNTs. Coating of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with MWCNTs/AuNPs affords the novel MWCNTs/AuNPs/SPCE electrode, which exhibits a linear response over a 0.186-2.044 g/dl HbA1c concentration range, with the correlation value of 0.96. The electrode can reliably be utilized for detection of total Hb and HbA1c in blood samples, which highlights its promise as a reliable approach for sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) of HbA1c in diabetes patients.
Monitoring the level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has become the gold standard measure for diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis and control, used in conjunction with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test. This study aimed to investigate the applicability of a newly developed nanoparticle-based electrochemical sensor—multiwalled nanotubes incorporated with gold nanoparticles (POCT-HbA1cMWCNTs/AuNPs)—used as a routine point-of-care test (POCT) for detection of HbA1c for the diagnosis of DM. Finger-prick and venous blood samples were collected from 108 DM and 98 non-DM subjects to determine HbA1c and total hemoglobin by POCT-HbA1cMWCNTs/AuNPs compared with the standard HPLC method. The performance of the POCT-HbA1cMWCNTs/AuNPs was evaluated using the standard cut-off HbA1c level of >6.5%. The test’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 100.00%, 90.32%, 87.23%, and 100.00%, respectively. The probability of DM diagnosis in a subject with HbA1c >6.5% (positive predictive value) was 87.23% (82/94). The accuracy of the POCT-HbA1cMWCNTs/AuNPs was 94.18%, with a %DMV (deviation from the mean value) of 0.25%. The results indicate satisfactory assay performance and applicability of the POCT-HbA1cMWCNTs/AuNPs for diagnosis of DM using the cut-off criteria of HbA1c >6.5.
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