Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer being the second most common cancer after lung cancer, affecting women of different age groups; has a prevalence of about 20% in young sexually active women. Among different types of HPV, HPV16 the major strain causing this cancer and is sexually transmitted had been unnoticed for decades. Keeping in mind the multiple risk factors related with cervical cancer such as early age sexual activities, teenage pregnancies, smoking, use of oral contraceptives, having multiple sex partners, hormone replacement therapies and various other unknown factors lead to the onset of the disease. Awareness for various diagnostic procedures such as Pap smears screening prove to be an effective way in eradicating the oncogenic potential of HPV.

Twelve healthy, unpremedicated women scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy were given either isoflurane (n = 6) or halothane (n = 6) anaesthesia. They all received general anaesthesia for a period of 3 h, with surgery being carried out only in the last hour. The anaesthesia consisted of thiopentone, pancuronium and a mixture of oxygen-enriched air (Fio,=34%) supplemented with 1 MAC of either isoflurane or halothane. The patients were maintained normothermic, and with an arterial Sao, above 95% throughout the period of the study. The following measurements were made before, during and after anaesthesia (with and without surgery): oxygen consumption (oo,), carbon dioxide production (%'GO,); circulating concentrations of various hormones (insulin, growth hormone and cortisol); various metabolites; selected amino acids and albumin; forearm arterio-venous concentration difference of glucose, lactate, free fatty-acids and selected amino acids (four patients in each group). Whole body 00, decreased significantly by over 20% during anaesthesia (with or without surgery), P i 0.05). Although the circulating concentration of most amino acids showed little or no change during anaesthesia alone, there was a tendency for the flux of most metabolites to decrease, and this persisted during surgery (PC0.05). During anaesthesia alone there was a twofold reduction in the plasma cortisol concentration (P< 0.05), and a decrease in albumin concentration (P< 0.01). With the onset of surgery, plasma cortisol concentration increased rapidly (in association with several other hormones and metabolites) but hypoalbuminemia persisted.Receiued I4 34, accepted in a revised version 28 December 1992

Metal organic chemical vapor deposited (MOCVD) thin films of aluminum nitride (AlN) were irradiated with 700 keV Ni ions at fluences of 1 × 10 12 , 1 × 10 13 , and 1 × 10 14 ions cm −2 . The stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM) analysis was performed to investigate the depth distribution of the Ni ions and vacancy production in AlN film. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the implanted samples show a shift of the AlN (0 0 2) orientation peak towards higher angles at 1 × 10 12 ions cm −2 , exhibiting the incorporation of nickel ions into the AlN phase. The XRD patterns also demonstrated a reduction in shift of the (0 0 2) orientation peak along with the formation of AlNi 3 phase with the increase of ion fluence. The AFM surface analysis of the ionirradiated AlN film exhibits a rise of film surface roughness. After ion irradiation, the samples were annealed at 900 °C in a nitrogen environment. Annealing reduces the surface roughness of not only the implanted samples but also the as-grown samples.

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This study has been conducted to collect necessary socioeconomic information of the study area for development of the baselines for future planning, implementation and monitoring of different project interventions. The communities of Musk Deer National Park (MDNP) comprise 19 villages. The questionnaire and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercises were designed to collect information and that data has been analyzed by advance technique of indexing each characteristic to get output in the form of percentage of level of dependence. The analysis provides clear view of their maximum level of dependence on natural resources, which are at harmful level of (46.6%). It is concluded that technical support on various management issues of MDNP, like, biodiversity conservation through community participation and socio-economic development of local communities by Village Level Investments and a socio-economic baseline of the communities around MDNP are needed to plan for conservation and social development interventions and to monitor the socioeconomic impacts of these activities. Increasing the use of local resources (labour and materials), creating job opportunities for local community through productive planning, infrastructural development and maintenance are needed on urgent basis. Further, the decentralization of responsibilities and authorities has critical importance for good governance and local decision making to alleviate poverty.