PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose the typology that links the characterization of the irrigated farms with their structural and functional aspects for the context of sustainable irrigated agricultural development.Design/methodology/approachEast Mitidja scheme is selected for this study. About 134 farms are selected from the irrigation scheme. Multiple correspondence and ascendant hierarchical classification are used as data mining tools to characterize the typology of irrigated farms.FindingsThe typology provides a way of understanding the diversity of farms with regard to their socio‐economic environment. It also helps to identify those farms that fall into broad categories of unsustainability. The latest implemented agricultural and irrigation policy has a differential effect on various types of farmers, favoring some and discouraging others. The socio‐economic constraints have prevented the implementation of various development programs. This situation leads to the unsustainable exploitation of the water and land resources and to the promotion of unsustainable irrigation scheme.Practical implicationsThe findings and results may help decision makers to implement appropriate interventions in terms of resources, conditions and interests that are compatible with each identified class of farms.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies to explore irrigated agriculture development issues in Algeria using multivariate methods. The typological method can help policymakers to identify priorities. It can also be used to predict how different farmers will likely respond to government programs and policies regarding irrigated agricultural development.
Indonesian coastal areas are continually experiencing pressures that affect their sustainability. Beginning in the 1980s, the Indonesian government has introduced numerous development programs to address this problem. One type of program is seaweed farming projects. The aim of these projects is to provide the fishing community with alternative, environmentally-friendly fishing activities, as well as improving its livelihood. The objective of this paper is to assess the opportunities and constraints of seaweed farming projects with regard to sustainable coastal management in Indonesia. This study was conducted in the South Sulawesi province of Indonesia (the largest producer of seaweed in the country) by administering semi-structured and structured questionnaires to 200 fishermen. The results demonstrate that seaweed farming, mainly of the species Eucheuma cottonii, has become the main means of livelihood for these fishermen. As a result, destructive fishing has been considerably reduced and awareness has increased regarding the need to conserve the mangrove areas that protect the coastal ecosystem from degradation. Seaweed farming plays an important role in improving the socioeconomic conditions of fishers' communities, such as increasing their income and enhancing family and community participation, particularly that of women. However, constraints hinder the development of this activity. These constraints include diseases and post-harvest difficulties, problems of farm ownership, shifts in the monsoon season and marketing limitations. The marketing system that is in place has provided important services. One of the most important of these services is the quick delivery by middlemen of investment funds and money for daily
To enhance the performance of irrigation schemes, the Algerian government has adopted significant reforms. Structural reform has involved the decentralization of water resource management and the establishment of an autonomous irrigation agency. Regulatory reform has focused on water pricing with the goal of cost recovery. In addition, the government earmarked public investment for a ten-year integrated water resource management initiative. Hence, the general objective of this paper is to assess the effects of water reforms on the performance of irrigation scheme management in Algeria. We used various performance indicators to evaluate two selected irrigation schemes: the East and West Mitidja. The results showed that the water policy implemented did not create a sustainable environment for the irrigation schemes. The lack of coordination between water agencies has led to poor monitoring of scarce watersupply services. Furthermore, the weak involvement of stakeholders as well as the indifference of local administrations exacerbated irrigation management issues. The water price did not reflect the total cost of supply, and the maintenance budgets in both irrigation schemes are below international and regional norms. This contributed to the deterioration of irrigation infrastructure, to greater water conveyance losses and to reduced delivery efficiency. Many factors were found to affect irrigation sustainability, such as fee collection constraints, water allocation constraints, land reform, disputes among members of the collective farms, inadequacy of the irrigation system components with regard to farm configuration, water theft, and acts of vandalism on the hydromechanic equipment. These constraints led to low equilibrium cycles for both schemes.
Since gaining independence in 1962, several policy reforms have been implemented in Algeria to address the challenges of water scarcity in agriculture. However, questions regarding the implementation and effectiveness of these policy reforms still abound today. The objective of this paper is to review Algeria's water policy reforms in agriculture, focusing on the historical, institutional, resource management, and pricing policy dimensions. The agricultural water sector in Algeria has passed through various stages of policy reform. The first historical stage (1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980) was characterized by a lack of institutions, poor water supply, and an absence of demand management strategies. The second stage (1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999) was characterized by institutional instability, a lack of accountability, and inadequate and ineffective water supply and demand management. The last stage (2000-present) is characterized by institutional strengthening, a supply-driven approach, and inefficient water management. Overall, the impact of water policy reform on Algerian agriculture, despite recent progress, has been almost negligible in terms of the efficiency and sustainability of its water resource management. Indeed, this review illustrates a gap between principles and practices in sustainable management of water resources. It is now critical that management practices should implement the principles of sustainable and integrated resource management. Priority should be given, but not limited, to the following: establishing coordination structures; developing technical and human capacity and resources at different levels of water management; deploying significant funding resources to sustain existing infrastructures and resources rather than to invest in new water infrastructures; developing a drought contingency plan involving water users; promoting and Water and Society 435 WIT Transactions on Ecology and he Environment, Vol 153,© 2011 WIT Press Tinstitutionalizing public-private partnerships; implementing water pricing based on cost recovery principles; enhancing decentralized governance of water resources; promoting participatory irrigation management; developing monitoring capacity for reliable data collection; integrating water management into urban policy planning and management; enhancing water productivity; and using unconventional resources.
This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of community based organization (CBO) microcredit programmes of 'Concern Worldwide' in selected urban areas of Mymensingh district. The study is concerned with CBO microcredit use, assessing repayment performance, identifying the factors affecting repayment performance and assessing the impact of loan on livelihood improvement of the beneficiaries. Tabular and statistical analyses were applied for achieving the objectives. Overall, 84% of the total loan applied for was received by the respondents. Maximum amount of loan (89%) was received by rickshaw puller during the study period. The respondents used their maximum borrowed money productively. About 96, 94 and 98% of the total borrowed money were utilized purposively by small trading, saloon and rickshaw pulling respondents, respectively. Repayment performance of CBO microcredit programmes was highly satisfactory. Respondents' income and loan receipt amount positively contributed to loan repayment, whereas respondents' age, education, family size and forced saving negatively affected loan repayment. Almost all of the respondents mainly repaid their loan on time with the hope of getting loan in future. Self-consciousness and proper supervision by the CBO staff and Concern Worldwide field workers were the other important contributing factors for timely repayment of loan. Overall, the CBO microcredit programme was found to have significant positive effects on livelihood improvement of the poor beneficiaries.
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