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Purpose This paper aims to discuss the evolution of the Egyptian banking sector and the main trends in financial development in Egypt. The purpose of this study is to examine empirically the relationship between the development of the financial sector and economic growth in Egypt between 1980 and 2016. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws comparisons based on critical financial indicators between Egypt and selected emerging markets and developing economies. It uses a new data set of financial development indexes released by the International Monetary Fund. This paper uses econometric time series modelling of bivariate regressions for real growth per capita and measures of financial development to assess the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Egypt. Findings There are three specific findings based on the empirical analysis. First, there is a strong association between real growth per capita and financial development measured by money supply to GDP. Second, access to and the efficiency of banking services are not associated with real per capita income. Third, the Financial Markets Access Index – which compiles data on market capitalization outside of the top ten largest companies and the number of corporate issuers of debt – indicates a robust association with real per capita GDP. Originality/value The paper uses advanced empirical investigation techniques and new data sets available to assess the critical relationship between finance and growth in Egypt. The main policy implications of the empirical results of this paper suggest a stronger focus on promoting a more proactive role for the financial services industry in Egypt. In particular, there is a critical role for bank financing to support the private sector to maintain an inclusive growth momentum. Further development of the capital market will promote sustainability of such economic growth.

For many years economists have argued that the money supply is endogenously determined. However, it has often been suggested that monetary regimes differ in important institutional respects and it may be that endogeneity may be true for some regimes and not for others. The aim of this paper is to test for endogeneity of money supply in the G7 countries and also to detect the existence of any interaction between the demand for bank lending and the demand for money by using recently developed techniques of causality tests. Our findings suggest that broad money is endogenous. However, the ability of the demand for loans to cause deposits is not, it seems, unconstrained by the demand for those deposits. Agents do not simply absorb whatever flow of new deposits loans might create.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractThis paper seeks to analyse the major determinants of differences in the domestic savings ratio between countries using panel data for 62 countries over the period . A basic distinction is made between the determinants of the capacity to save and the willingness to save. The capacity to save depends primarily on the level of per capita income (but non-linearly) and the growth of income (the life cycle hypothesis), and the empirics strongly support these hypotheses. The willingness to save is assumed to depend on financial variables such as the rate of interest, the level of financial deepening and inflation. We find no support for a positive interest rate effect, but strong support for the level of financial deepening measured by the ratio of quasi-liquid liabilities to GDP. Inflation exerts a mild positive effect on saving but soon turns negative. Total saving also depends on government saving, and a surprisingly strong negative relation is found between the ratio of tax revenue to GDP and the domestic savings ratio. JEL Classification: E21Keywords: Domestic savings, income, financial variables, tax. Address for correspondence: Professor A. P. Thirlwall, Department of Economics, University of Kent at Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK; email: A.P.Thirlwall@ukc.ac.uk. 1 EXPLAINING DIFFERENCES IN THE DOMESTIC SAVINGS RATIO ACROSS COUNTRIES: A PANEL DATA STUDY IntroductionAcross the world, there are huge differences between countries in the ratio of domestic savings to national income. In a sample of 62 countries over the period 1967 to 1995, shown in Table 1 (taken from the World Development Indicators, 1998), the mean domestic savings ratio is 17.8 percent; the standard deviation is 8.9, and the range is from 1.6 percent in Rwanda to 41.4 percent in Saudi Arabia. The countries taken were dictated by the consistency of data over the chosen time period. In this paper, an attempt is made to account for these differences in country savings performance, distinguishing between variables that affect the capacity or ability to save on the one hand and the willingness to save on the other. Important variables that determine the ability to save include the level of per capita income; the growth of income (which comprises the growth of per capita income and population growth); the age structure of the population (or dependency ratio) if population is not in balanced growth, and the distribution of income. Key variables that dete...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

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