Because flow regimes in highly deviated and horizontal wells are quite different from those of vertical wells, velocity and hold up distribution are required for accurate flow rate and fluid entry determinations in multiphase flow. Production logging in horizontal wells can be challenging due to undulations and completions such as sand screen. In this paper, we present a field example that utilized advance production logging tool with distributed velocity and hold up distribution using tractor conveyance in sand screen completion. In this job, advanced production logging tool was further integrated with an additional spinner and pulse neutron tool to detect fluids in possible annulus space between screen and open hole. Results were exceptionally good measuring hold up and velocities. All the measurements showed that annulus space was filled with sand and fluid entries were determined confidently. In addition, it was shown that the single spinner in multiphase horizontal flow could not determine velocities of each phase unless totally immersed in one phase. The observations and recommendations were further discussed in this challenging production logging environment. Introduction Horizontal production logging operation has a main objective of obtaining flow profile of oil, gas and water contributions. The integration of flow profile with petrohysical and geological data will help to characterize the reservoir. Flow profile in vertical and horizontal wells is required for the proper evaluation of well performance. The determination of water entry intervals is very essential in the well performance evaluation. Increasing water production will influence well performance and considerably reduce oil production. As stated by many studies1,2, measuring or calculating the productivity of horizontal wells has been difficult because of their long length in the formation compared to vertical wells. The conventional production logging tools developed for vertical wells do not perform well in horizontal wells due to highly segregated flow in the horizontal section. For instance, gradiomanometer totally loses its accuracy, and spinners and capacitance holdup measurements are significantly affected by the stratified flow regimes that are common in horizontal wells if the deviation is more 70 degrees. Small changes in well deviation can cause large changes in fluid velocity and holdup, particularly at lower flow rates. In this paper, a field example of oil and water flow in horizontal well is presented. The presented horizontal well has a very complicated completion in the openhole section. The horizontal well produces relatively heavy oil and water from this complicated completion, which was designed to prevent the sanding in the wellbore. Flow Regimes in Horizontal Wells In vertical wells or near verticals wells that have deviations less than 20° mixed flow of water and oil flows with smooth velocity profile as shown from Fig.1. For the wells with deviations between 20° and 85°, flow regimes are generally quite complex.3 Heaviest phase segregates to the bottom of the pipe due to gravity and mixing layer is located on the upper side of the hole with dispersed bubbles of oil. This flow structure has large gradients in the velocity and holdup profiles. For wells with deviation between 85° and 95°, the flow becomes stratified. Water flows at the bottom with oil on the top and the flow has a strong dependence on the well deviation for low flow rates. At high flow rates the dependence on borehole deviation is smaller because the increasing shear frictional forces against the wall and interface dominate.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractBecause flow regimes in highly deviated and horizontal wells are quite different from those of vertical wells, velocity and hold up distribution are required for accurate flow rate and fluid entry determinations in multiphase flow. Production logging in horizontal wells can be challenging due to undulations and completions such as sand screen.In this paper, we present a field example that utilized advance production logging tool with distributed velocity and hold up distribution using tractor conveyance in sand screen completion.In this job, advanced production logging tool was further integrated with an additional spinner and pulse neutron tool to detect fluids in possible annulus space between screen and open hole. Results were exceptionally good measuring hold up and velocities. All the measurements showed that annulus space was filled with sand and fluid entries were determined confidently.In addition, it was shown that the single spinner in multiphase horizontal flow could not determine velocities of each phase unless totally immersed in one phase. The observations and recommendations were further discussed in this challenging production logging environment.
Mature fields of the Middle East have some of the longest production histories and richest data sets of any oilfields in the world. Waterfloods in fields that have operated for many years are reaching a stage in which better understanding of the reservoir's response to water injection is critical for optimal field management going forward. A common approach, however, is that existing data sets are often used only by individual technical disciplines for relatively narrow purposes, such as well performance diagnoses. An integrated, multidisciplinary study of a carbonate reservoir in the Minagish Field was implemented to better evaluate the conformance and integrity of current water injection operations, and make recommendations for improvement. A secondary objective was to establish a solid interdisciplinary workflow to support periodic reevaluation and update of the study. A joint team of reservoir engineers and geoscientists was formed from KOC's West Kuwait Asset Team and Halliburton's Landmark group. Using a Common Visualization Environment (CVE) (Figure 1), the team integrated the Minagish Field history with all available static and dynamic data into a single, consistent data set. A detailed geologic model with compartmentalization and layering schemes was established which was most likely to control fluid movements within the reservoir. This was validated and a more consistent model was developed by incorporating dynamic field data. The revised model based on flow units was further validated by cross-sectional reservoir simulation models in selected areas of the field. This study suggests KOC can produce the Minagish Field at significantly higher offtakes in the future without negatively impacting recovery. Introduction The Minagish Oolite is an undersaturated carbonate reservoir in the Minagish field area in West Kuwait containing several billion barrels of oil (see Figure 2). The field was discovered in 1959 and is a mature field though it has been produced at relatively low rates for most of its life. In the first forty years of production it had produced approximately 10% of its OOIP. Water injection and offtake have both been increased significantly since 2001 in line with KOC's development strategy. In the last few years there has been the first significant water breakthrough to updip producers located on the structural flanks of the reservoir from the peripherally placed water injectors. While previous studies (Ref 1) included full field simulation, the recent water production development supports a more detailed analysis and understanding of the waterflood behaviour in the field. The plan for the field includes the acquisition of new seismic data and new sedimentological studies to support the construction of revised geological and simulation models. Objectives and Scope The objectives of the study were to :Evaluate reservoir performance to ensure conformance and integrity of the current water injection operationsIdentify potential problems and recommend remedies to optimise water injection performance.Set up a workflow for periodic evaluation of water injection performance with dynamic update of the field dataProvide insights to improve the ongoing geological and simulation modelling The approach taken was data-driven to develop an understanding of the dynamics of the waterflood process and to implement a system which would be sustainable into the future.
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