Azadirachta excelsa, is a plant belonging to the same genus as Indian neem (Azadirachta indica), and its use as a pesticide is reported by few studies. Despite being a different species, it is expected to have the same biopesticide potential as A. indica. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anti-termite activity of n-hexane and methanol extracts of A. excelsa seed kernel at various concentrations against Coptotermes curvignathus. The methanol extract demonstrated greater termicidal activity than n-hexane at doses test of 2%, 4%, and 8%. It also showed 100% termite mortality on the third day of administering the 8% dose. According to the gas chromatography with mass spectrometry data, the putative main components of the n-hexane extract were hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (18.99%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-(16.31%), and 9-octadecenal (16.23%). In contrast, the principal constituents of methanol extract were patchouli alcohol (28.1%), delta-guaiene (15.15%), and alpha-guaiene (11.93%). Furthermore, limonoids profiling of A. excelsa methanol extract was determined using Ultrahighperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The number of limonoids identified tentatively was fifteen, such as 6-deacetylnimbin, nimbolidin C, nimbolide, 6-acetylnimbandiol, 6-deacetylnimbinene, salannol, 28-deoxonimbolide, gedunin, nimbandiol, epoxyazadiradione, azadirone, 2',3'-dihydrosalannin, marrangin, nimbocinol, and azadirachtin. They were the same as those reported in the seed and leaves of A. indica, but its largest component in A. excelsa was 6-deacetylnimbin. As a result, the presence of these compounds may be responsible for the anti-termite activity of A. excelsa seed kernel extract. Additionally, column chromatography of methanol extract yielded 6-deacetylnimbin, which was found to be antifeedant and termiticide against C. curvignathus.
This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity and the effect of the combination of methanol extract of the leaves of Chinese ketepeng (Cassia alata Linn.) with six selected plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The method used is well diffusion and paper tape method. The concentration of the test extract was 100 mg/mL (1:1), DMSO 50% v/v was used as a negative control and the antibiotic clindamycin as a positive control. The results showed that most of the combinations of the methanol extract of the Chinese ketepeng leaf (C. alata) with the six selected plant extracts produced an average diameter of the inhibition zone, which was greater than the average diameter of the inhibition zone of every single extract. However, the average diameter of the combined inhibition zones was not more significant than the sum of the average diameters of the inhibition zones of every single extract. In conclusion, the combination of the methanol extract of the Chinese ketepeng leaf (C. alata) with six selected plant extracts had additive/indifferent effects in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus. Keywords: Antibacterial, Cassia alata Linn, Combination, Staphylococcus aureus
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