In this work the effect of laser pulse energy on the optical properties of five samples of SiO2 thin film deposited using pulse laser deposition technique was studied. Pulse energies of 100,150,180, 200 and 250 mj with fixed pulse repetition rate and number of pulses of 2 Hz, and 10 pulses, were used. The target to substrate distance and angle were fixed. The film thickness was measured by FESEM, and the transmission spectrum at certain wavelengths for each film was recorded. SiO2 thin films transmission data and the measured film thicknesses were used to deduce their optical properties. The results showed that increasing the pulse energy results in an increase of the film thickness and the morphology of the films becomes more dense and non-smooth at higher pulse energy, also the optical properties showed to be affected by the thickness variation and hence by the pulse energy.
Quantum cryptography is a science that relies on the use of a protocol designed to exploit quantum mechanical phenomena to achieve the secrecy of cryptographic keys. This work aimed to generate a quantum key based on polarization-entangled photon pairs; to eliminate the error by implementing the BB89 protocol using the Delphi language program in order to obtain a high degree of security. The results explain the effect of the number of EPR photons pair running from (500-10000) photons on the number of coincidences, expected error and Bell's parameter discussed as; Total coincidences of the Bell – CHSH increases with increasing of EPR pairs, and values were stable when EPR pairs were increased, there was a small random change in the expected error rate (in case of no eavesdropping).This study concludes thatTotal coincidences of the Bell and expected error are affected by the number of entangled photons.The increasing of the length of key must increase the number of EPR and decrease the Error and Bell's value must be stable.
For the replacement of industrial materials that are scarce and very expensive, new alternative substances were produced by synthesizing nano materials. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method was used to synthesize two types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from soot carbon nanotubes [soot CNTs] and coal carbon nanotubes [coal CNTs] in this study. The soot and coal CNTs samples were incorporated with molar concentrations *0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) of MgO. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Xray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the soot (MgO) and coal (MgO) CNTs samples. CNTs were formed successfully, according to the results of the FT-IR technique. The results of the XRD of the d-spacing, crystals size and density of the magnesium oxide (MgO) integrated into (soot and coal CNTs) or [soot (MgO) and coal (MgO)] CNTs samples were calculated. The impact of the ratios of MgO on CNTs samples’ structural properties was calculated. The phases of MgO and its crystalline structure are shown by the XRD method. The study method and results are analyzed in detail.
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