Breast tuberculosis is a rare form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. It is rare in western countries, usually occurs in multiparous and lactating women but rare in male and older women. It has a varied clinical, radiological and pathological presentation that can be similar to that of a breast abscess or carcinoma. Constitutional symptoms are not usually present making it even harder to diagnose clinically. Here we present a case of a young Nepalese woman with tubercular mastitis who was initially misdiagnosed as breast abscess.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of red blood cells, which increases the vulnerability of erythrocytes to oxidative stress leading to hemolytic anemia. Since its identification more than 60 years ago, much has been done with respect to its clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Association of G6PD is not just limited to anti malarial drugs, but a vast number of other diseases. In this article, we aimed to review the history of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the diagnostic methods available along with its association with other noncommunicable diseases.
Introduction: Vitamin B-12 deficiency is a frequent condition in the elderly population. High homocysteine levels, which can contribute to arterial damage and blood clots in blood vessels, usually indicate a deficiency in vitamin B-12. Different studies have shown an association of raised total homocysteine with incident Alzheimer’s disease. This study aimed to evaluate the association between vitamin B-12 levels and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: A case-control study with a sample size of 90 was conducted at Tertiary hospital, Kathmandu. The participants who visited the psychiatric outpatient department from 2019 onward at Tertiary hospital, Kathmandu, were recruited. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was administered to the participants by a trained medical doctor. The medical doctor used the MMSE scores to classify the participants into two groups: the healthy control group and the AD group. Results: The AD group had higher percentages of hypertension (20.9%), diabetes (13.6%), smoking habit (27.3%), vitamin B-12 deficiency (22.7%), and alcohol consumption (13.8%) relative to the control group. Among these features, a significant association was found between alcohol and vitamin B-12 status and between systolic blood pressure and MMSE score. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is an association between low levels of vitamin B-12 and the risk of AD. Further studies are needed to determine the cause-effect.
Higher fasting blood glucose level than post prandial level can be seen in variety of conditions in both normal population and diabetics. Various modifiable factors along with underlying condition of patient behind such laboratory picture are discussed in this article.
Keywords: clinical laboratory; diabetes; fasting blood glucose; postprandial blood glucose.
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