Comparison of calculated LDL-cholesterol using the Friedewald formula and de Cordova formula with a directly measured LDL-cholesterol in Nepalese population

Pradhan, Santosh; Gautam, Keyoor; Pyakurel, Devish

doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00165

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In the two studies with fasting participants, Pradhan et al [37] found that the Friedewald formula is better than the Cordova formula in estimating LDL-C levels in a study size of 538 patients, which is the same conclusion Atabi et al [38] makes stating the Friedewald formula is most accurate with TG levels <4.5 mmol/l.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Four studies were performed in Indian populations [46,56,57,65]. Two studies each were performed in the following populations; Korean [49,55], HIV positive [33,54], high cardiac risk [34,58 ▪▪ ], fasting participant [37,38], hyperlipidaemic [43 ▪▪ ,47], Turkish [40,60], adults [30 ▪▪ ][66] and in children [10,44]. One study each was performed in the following populations; patients with coronary artery disease [31], renal disease [48], Hungarians [31], patients from the National Health and Nutrition examination survey [36], Persian cohort study patients [39], patients with acute MI [41,44], cardiology patients [36,45 ▪▪ ], those treated with PCSK-9 inhibitors [27], South African [9 ▪ ], Italian [31], Nigerian [50], Croatian [32], Slovakian [51], Lebanese [52 ▪ ], machine learning comparison, [53], a specialized lipid cohort [59], patients with hypertriglyceridaemia [61] and patients that received alirocumab, placebo, ezetimibe or a statin [2 ▪▪ ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How should low-density lipoprotein cholesterol be calculated in 2022?

Martins

Rossouw

Pillay

2022

Current Opinion in Lipidology

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Purpose of reviewThe reference method for low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) quantitation is β-quantification, a technically demanding method that is not convenient for routine use. Indirect calculation methods to estimate LDL-C, including the Friedewald equation, have been used since 1972. This calculation has several recognized limitations, especially inaccurate results for triglycerides (TG) >4.5 mmol/l (>400 mg/dl). In view of this, several other equations were developed across the world in different datasets.The purpose of this review was to analyze the best method to calculate LDL-C in clinical practice by reviewing studies that compared equations with measured LDL-C.Recent findingsWe identified 45 studies that compared these formulae. The Martin/Hopkins equation uses an adjustable factor for TG:very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratios, validated in a large dataset and demonstrated to provide more accurate LDL-C calculation, especially when LDL <1.81 mmol/l (<70 mg/dl) and with elevated TG. However, it is not in widespread international use because of the need for further validation and the use of the adjustable factor. The Sampson equation was developed for patients with TG up to 9 mmol/l (800 mg/dl) and was based on β-quantification and performs well on high TG, postprandial and low LDL-C samples similar to direct LDL-C.SummaryThe choice of equation should take into the level of triglycerides. Further validation of different equations is required in different populations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How should low-density lipoprotein cholesterol be calculated in 2022?

Martins

Rossouw

Pillay

2022

Current Opinion in Lipidology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Other studies have shown a negative bias between direct LDL and calculated LDL with minimal negative bias with FF Formula. [ 11 25 26 ] As evidenced in BA plots done by Palmer MK et al ., the difference between FF and D-LDL cholesterol increases as the TG value increases. [ 27 ] The DM approach had a smaller deviation from the direct LDL cholesterol value.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Is data mining approach a best fit formula for estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol?

Sarangi

Bahinipati

Pathak

et al. 2021

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

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Background: With the change in the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III guidelines, the risk of developing atherosclerosis has been now focused on total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Different treatment modalities are now targeted at lowering LDL cholesterol values. Hence greater emphasis is now led on the accurate and precise measurement of LDL cholesterol. Beta-quantification, though, is the best reference method for LDL cholesterol estimation, it has the disadvantage of being inconvenient in our routine practice. The new generation direct homogenous assay is now the method of choice. But being more expensive, various calculated methods have now been developed. This study is an attempt to compare different calculated formula with direct cholesterol assessment and to find out the best one. Materials and Methods: We compared LDL cholesterol measured by direct homogenous assay with the data mining approach (DM) and another calculated formula [Friedewald's Formula (FF) and Anandaraja Formula (AF)] in 266 samples with age greater than 18 years. Enrolled participants were divided into seven groups based upon their TG levels. Mean, percentage difference, and the correlation coefficient was assessed between calculated and direct LDL. Bland–Altman analysis was done to see the agreement between calculated vs direct LDL. All formulas were assessed among various TG levels with direct LDL by the Wilcoxon sign rank test. Result: 1% level of significance was found between calculated and direct LDL with TG < 600 mg/dl. Mean and the percentage difference between direct and calculated LDL was lowest with the DM approach. Bland–Altman plot shows the best agreement of the DM approach with direct LDL. Conclusion: This study indicates that the DM approach is closer to direct LDL compared to FF & AF.

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“…Fasting venous blood samples were obtained, and concentrations of lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides) were analyzed with Advia chemistry XPT, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) was calculated according to the Friedewald formula with LDL cholesterol measured in mmol/L: Total cholesterol—HDL cholesterol—(triglyceride/2.2) [ 29 ]. Participants undertook a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g glucose diluted in 250 mL water) for measurements of glucose and insulin concentrations at 0 (prior to OGTT), 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Health Does Not Change Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Kiel

Jones

Lionett

et al. 2022

JCM

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Introduction: polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. First-line therapy for PCOS is lifestyle changes including exercise. We compared CVD risk factors between women with and without PCOS and examined the responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Methods: women with PCOS were randomized to HIIT (n = 41) or a non-exercise control group (n = 23) for 16 weeks. Women without PCOS (n = 15) were age- and BMI-matched to participants with PCOS and completed 16 weeks of HIIT. CVD markers included blood pressure, heart rate, flow mediated dilatation (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and circulating concentrations of lipids, glucose, insulin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Results: resting heart rate was higher in women with PCOS than without PCOS (p =0.011) and was reduced after HIIT in women with PCOS (−2.8 beats/min, 95% CI: −5.4, −0.2, p = 0.037). FMD was not significantly different between women with PCOS (5.5%, SD 4.1) and those without PCOS (8.2%, SD 3.9) at baseline. HIIT reduced time-to-peak dilatation of the brachial artery in women with PCOS compared with women without PCOS (−55 s, 95% CI: −96, −13, p = 0.012). Conclusions: we found little difference in CVD risk factors between women with and without PCOS at baseline, but some indications of endothelial dysfunction in women with PCOS.

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Comparison of calculated LDL-cholesterol using the Friedewald formula and de Cordova formula with a directly measured LDL-cholesterol in Nepalese population

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

How should low-density lipoprotein cholesterol be calculated in 2022?

How should low-density lipoprotein cholesterol be calculated in 2022?

Is data mining approach a best fit formula for estimation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol?

Cardiovascular Health Does Not Change Following High-Intensity Interval Training in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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