One of the plants that has been used for generations in Borneo is kratom or Mitragyna speciosa. The leaves are used as analgesics and antidepressants. The plant is grown for export to countries other than Indonesia where consumption of this plant as a beverage is still legal, generally in tea from leaves brewed with hot water or tea bags. Some researches found that tea products from kratom leaves contained potentially dangerous levels of toxic metals and microbes. This study aims to examine the food contaminants in tea products from three types of kratom tea leaves used by the people of Borneo: Red, white, and green kratom variants.Bacterial colony tests for red kratom samples produced 2.9 x 10 -3 colony forming unit (CFU)/gram. In comparison, white kratom samples produced 9.9 x 10 -3 CFU/gram and green kratom samples produced 2.9 x 10 -3 CFU/ gram. White kratom samples produced the highest CFU compared to red and green samples. Red kratom samples produced an uncountable number of yeasts at 10 -2 and 10 -3 dilution, while at 10 -4 dilution, it produced a total of 4.8 x 10 -5 CFU/gram. White kratom samples produced 3.04 x 10 -4 CFU/gram and green kratom samples produced 1.7 x 10 -4 CFU/gram. Red kratom samples produced the highest number among the three samples, while green kratom produced the lowest number. Identification with other specific media, namely Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) and Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SSA), produced negative results for all samples. The red samples produced the highest of 6.6% b/b sample compared to 6.1% of white and 5.2% of green samples. All samples produced a positive qualitative test of mitragynine alkaloid. White kratom samples showed the highest Cd and Cu contamination, green kratom samples showed the highest Pb contamination and red samples showed the highest Hg contamination. Before preclinical and human clinical trial, it is advised to sterilize herbal simplicias of kratom as they tend to induce bacterial and fungal colonization. In some countries where kratom beverages are still legal, before the leaves were prepared for sale as tea it is better to
Children under 5 years of age are particularly vulnerable to malaria. Malaria has caused 445,000 deaths worldwide. Currently, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are the fastest method to diagnose malaria. However, there are limitations that exist such as low sensitivity in detecting infections with low parasitemia. Practical, non-invasive and high ability tests to detect parasite are needed to find specific biomarkers for P. falciparum infection to determine the potential of P. falciparum 4 thioether in breathomics analysis by GC-MS as a practical non-invasive method in diagnosing malaria in pediatrics. Literature reviews from Google Scholar and ProQuest were published no later than the last 5 years. The concept of breathomics is that the breath’s volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profile is altered when the health condition changes. Breath samples from individuals infected with P. falciparum malaria were taken by exhalation. Through GC-MS analysis, it was found that 4 thioether compounds (allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), 1-methylthio-propane, (Z) -1-methylthio-1-propene and (E) -1-methylthio-1-propene) underwent a significant change in concentration during the infection. Based on experiments conducted on mice and humans, the breathomics method is known to be able to detect parasitemia levels up to <100 parasites/µL, has a sensitivity level of about 71% to 91% and a specificity of about 75% to 94%. The discovery of 4 thioether compounds by GC-MS is a strong indication of malaria, because it has the potential for high sensitivity and specificity, and the detection power exceeds the ability of RDTs.
Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease or commonly known as GERD is a condition when the stomach’s contents rise into the esophagus This condition causes symptoms and complications. It was found that 57.6% of the Indonesian population had GERD. Coffee is the most popular beverage in the world. Coffee consumption is suspected of having a close relationship with GERD incidence. This study aims to determine the correlation between coffee consumption and the incidence gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Method: This study used a cross-sectional approach to conduct observational analytics research. This study sample consisted of every person aged 18 – 65 years in Jakarta. Study data were obtained through the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire (GERD-Q) in Indonesian languange. The Chi-square of independence test was used to determine the correlation between coffee consumption and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Results: From 105 respondents, 26 respondents experience GERD. Eighty-four point six percent of respondents that experience GERD consumed coffee in moderate to high levels of frequency, and 15.3% of respondents that experience GERD consumed coffee in none to fewer levels of frequency. Chi-square test results showed a significant correlation between coffee consumption and GERD in every Jakartan’s people aged 18 – 65 years (p = 0,006).Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between coffee consumption and Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in people aged 18 – 65 years old that live in Jakarta.
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