Data were gathered on the presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and picrin (CHP); chloral hydrate (CH); on the impact of treatment processes on DBP formation and control. Thirty-five water cyanogen chloride (CNCI); 2,4,6-trichlotreatment facilities were selected to provide a broad range of source water qualities and rophenol; formaldehyde; and acetaldetreatment processes. Trihalomethanes were the largest class of DBPs detected (on a weight hyde (Figure 1). This article focuses on basis) in this study, with haloacetic acids being the next most significant DBP fraction. some of the significant preliminary Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, by-products of ozonation, were also demonstrated to be findings of these DBP studies. produced by chlorination. Cyanogen chloride was found to be preferentially produced in Experimental procedures chloraminaied water.The sampling and analytical proceof this project, baseline data were gath-dures utilized in these studies are deered on all 35 water utilities.
An increasing number of chlorinated by‐products resulting from disinfection practices will be regulated as a result of the 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act. Consequently, ozone is being employed more frequently for the control of trihalomethanes and other disinfection by‐products (DBPs). To evaluate the impact of ozonation on the formation and control of DBPs in drinking water, studies were conducted at four utilities. Treatment modifications were made on the process trains at each plant either at full or pilot scale to incorporate ozone in the treatment process. Samples were collected before and after ozone was added to the treatment train and were analyzed for selected DBPs. In general, treatment trains that employed ozonation followed by chloramination were the most effective in reducing trihalomethanes and other halogenated DBPs. Increases were found, however, in some compounds such as chloropicrin and aldehydes.
This article presents the results of a pilot‐scale evaluation of an advanced oxidation process that utilizes hydrogen peroxide and ozone. Treatment efficiency was determined as a function of the hydrogen peroxide‐to‐ozone dosage ratio, ozone dosage, and contact time. The ozone mass transfer characteristics of the process were also investigated. Comparison with other treatment technologies indicates that advanced oxidation can be a cost‐effective treatment process for controlling the common chlorinated organics found in groundwater.
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