The Occurrence of Disinfection By‐products in US Drinking Water

Abstract

Data were gathered on the presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and picrin (CHP); chloral hydrate (CH); on the impact of treatment processes on DBP formation and control. Thirty-five water cyanogen chloride (CNCI); 2,4,6-trichlotreatment facilities were selected to provide a broad range of source water qualities and rophenol; formaldehyde; and acetaldetreatment processes. Trihalomethanes were the largest class of DBPs detected (on a weight hyde (Figure 1). This article focuses on basis) in this study, with haloacetic acids being the next most significant DBP fraction. some of the significant preliminary Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, by-products of ozonation, were also demonstrated to be findings of these DBP studies. produced by chlorination. Cyanogen chloride was found to be preferentially produced in Experimental procedures chloraminaied water.The sampling and analytical proceof this project, baseline data were gath-dures utilized in these studies are deered on all 35 water utilities.

Spatial and temporal evaluations of disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution systems in Beijing, China

“…As the concentration of chlorine or chloramines increases, the production of DBPs increases. Formation reactions continue as long as precursors and disinfectant are present (Krasner, 1999). Chlorine dosage which had no apparent correlation with CH may be may be due to the quality of water source, water temperature and also the material properties of the water pipes.…”

Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin

“…The disinfectants react with NOM in the water to produce a host of DBPs, many of which are halogenated compounds suspected of having adverse human health effects. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the principal DBPs formed from chlorination of water [1][2][3]. Although THMs have been regulated in the US since 1979, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recently promulgated Stage 1 of its Disinfectants and Disinfection ByProducts (D/DBP) Rule establishing maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for THMs and HAAs.…”

Development of novel detection reagent for simple and sensitive determination of trace amounts of formaldehyde and its application to flow injection spectrophotometric analysis

“…It also enters drinking water via leaching from polyacetal plastic fittings in which the protective coating has been broken [6]. Formaldehyde concentrations have been found up to 30 μg L -1 in ozonated drinking water [7,8]. In a study, which was carried out in Taiwan, formaldehyde concentrations in bottled and packed drinking water were lower than 129 μg L -1 , which were all below the detection limit of the analytical method used for the investigation [9].…”