Direct quantification of terrestrial biosphere responses to global change is crucial for projections of future climate change in Earth system models. Here, we synthesized ecosystem carbon-cycling data from 1,119 experiments performed over the past four decades concerning changes in temperature, precipitation, CO 2 and nitrogen across major terrestrial vegetation types of the world. Most experiments manipulated single rather than multiple global change drivers in temperate ecosystems of the USA, Europe and China. The magnitudes of warming and elevated CO 2 treatments were consistent with the ranges of future projections, whereas those of precipitation changes and nitrogen inputs often exceeded the projected ranges. Increases in global change drivers consistently accelerated, but decreased precipitation slowed down carbon-cycle processes. Nonlinear (including synergistic and antagonistic) effects among global change drivers were rare. Belowground carbon allocation responded negatively to increased precipitation and nitrogen addition and positively to decreased precipitation and elevated CO 2. The sensitivities of carbon variables to multiple global change drivers depended on the background climate and ecosystem condition, suggesting that Earth system models should be evaluated using site-specific conditions for best uses of this large dataset. Together, this synthesis underscores an urgent need to explore the interactions among multiple global change drivers in underrepresented regions such as semi-arid ecosystems, forests in the tropics and subtropics, and Arctic tundra when forecasting future terrestrial carbon-climate feedback.

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Fighting drug resistence: From a library of over 150 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, the candidate RKA 182 was selected for preclinical development as an antimalarial agent. RKA 182 has outstanding in vitro activity against resistant strains of P. falciparum and retains this level of activity against southeast asian isolates that failed artemisinin‐based combination therapy.

Etappensieg gegen Wirkstoffresistenz: Aus einer Bibliothek von über 150 1,2,4,5‐Tetraoxanen wurde ein Kandidat, RKA 182, für die präklinische Entwicklung von Malariatherapeutika selektiert. RKA 182 zeigt herausragende In‐vitro‐Aktivität gegen resistente Stämme von P. falciparum und wirkt auch gegen südostasiatische Isolate, bei denen die Artemisinin‐basierte Kombinationstherapie versagt.

Decoupling the complicated vibrational—vibrational (V—V) coupling of a multimode vibrational relaxation remains a challenge for analyzing the sound relaxational absorption in multi-component gas mixtures. In our previous work [Acta Phys. Sin. 61 174301 (2012)], an analytical model to predict the sound absorption from vibrational relaxation in a gas medium is proposed. In this paper, we develop the model to decouple the V—V coupled energy to each vibrational—translational deexcitation path, and analyze how the multimode relaxations form the peaks of sound absorption spectra in gas mixtures. We prove that a multimode relaxation is the sum of its decoupled single-relaxation processes, and only the decoupled process with a significant isochoric-molar-heat can be observed as an absorption peak. The decoupling model clarifies the essential processes behind the peaks in spectra arising from the multimode relaxations in multi-component gas mixtures. The simulation validates the proposed decoupling model.