The use of plants (directly or indirectly) to remediate contaminated soil or water is known as phytoremediation. This technology has emerged as a more cost effective, noninvasive, and publicly acceptable way to address the removal of environmental contaminants. Plants can be used to accumulate inorganic and organic contaminants, metabolize organic contaminants, and encourage microbial degradation of organic contaminants in the root zone. Widespread utilization of phytoremediation can be limited by the small habitat range or size of plants expressing remediation potential, and insufficient abilities of native plants to tolerate, detoxify, and accumulate contaminants. A better understanding and appreciation of the potential mechanisms for removing contaminants from the root zone and the interaction between plants, microorganisms, and contaminants will be useful in extending the application of phytoremediation to additional contaminated sites.
Tylosin is a widely used macrolide antibiotic for therapeutics and growth promotion in swine, beef cattle, and poultry production. Through various routes such as manure application, emission, inappropriate disposal, etc., tylosin enters the environment. The fate of tylosin in the environment is not yet fully understood. In this study, two photoreaction products of tylosin in water were identified as isotylosin A alcohol (E,Z) and isotylosin A aldol (E,Z). Tylosin A, B, C, D, isotylosin A alcohol, and isotylosin A aldol were purified, and immunological cross-reactivities of these tylosin-related compounds were tested with a specificity of 26% for tylosin B, 19% for tylosin C, 106% for tylosin D, 121% for isotylosin A alcohol, and 46% for isotylosin A aldol, compared to 100% for tylosin A. Competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for tylosin detection in water was compared with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method by analyzing the same water samples from a study of tylosin dissipation in water. ELISA kits detect the other tylosin-related compounds besides tylosin A, which can result in differences in tylosin determination in water. Disciplines Biochemistry | Entomology Identification of Tylosin Photoreaction Products and Comparison of ELISA and HPLC Methods for Their Detection in Water Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaReceived July 28, 2007. Revised manuscript received November 16, 2007. Accepted December 6, 2007 Tylosin is a widely used macrolide antibiotic for therapeutics and growth promotion in swine, beef cattle, and poultry production.Through various routes such as manure application, emission, inappropriate disposal, etc., tylosin enters the environment. The fate of tylosin in the environment is not yet fully understood. In this study, two photoreaction products of tylosin in water were identified as isotylosin A alcohol (E,Z) and isotylosin A aldol (E,Z). Tylosin A, B, C, D, isotylosin A alcohol, and isotylosin A aldol were purified, and immunological cross-reactivities of these tylosin-related compounds were tested with a specificity of 26% for tylosin B, 19% for tylosin C, 106% for tylosin D, 121% for isotylosin A alcohol, and 46% for isotylosin A aldol, compared to 100% for tylosin A. Competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for tylosin detection in water was compared with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method by analyzing the same water samples from a study of tylosin dissipation in water. ELISA kits detect the other tylosin-related compounds besides tylosin A, which can result in differences in tylosin determination in water.
The antibiotic sulfamethazine can be transported from manured fields to surface water bodies. We investigated the degradation, fate, and bioavailability of sulfamethazine in surface water using 14C-U-phenylsulfamethazine in small pond water microcosms. Sulfamethazine dissipated exponentially from the water column, with the majority of loss occurring via movement into the sediment phase. Manure input significantly increased sorption and binding of sulfamethazine residues to the sediment. These results indicate sediment is a potential sink for sulfamethazine and sulfamethazine-related residues, which could have important implications for benthic organisms. Understanding the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices is particularly important considering they are often in a bioactive form. The bioavailability of sulfamethazine in surface water microcosms was evaluated using Lumbriculus variegatus in a bioassay. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated, and a log BCF >2 was observed during aquatic exposure (0.05 mg/l). Interestingly, a significant inverse relationship between exposure concentration and BCF was also noted. Our results indicate the need for further assessment of the bioaccumulation potential of SMZ residues as a result of sediment exposure of benthic invertebrates. The antibiotic sulfamethazine can be transported from manured fields to surface water bodies. We investigated the degradation, fate, and bioavailability of sulfamethazine in surface water using 14 C-U-phenyl-sulfamethazine in small pond water microcosms. Sulfamethazine dissipated exponentially from the water column, with the majority of loss occurring via movement into the sediment phase. Manure input significantly increased sorption and binding of sulfamethazine residues to the sediment. These results indicate sediment is a potential sink for sulfamethazine and sulfamethazine-related residues, which could have important implications for benthic organisms.Understanding the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices is particularly important considering they are often in a bioactive form. The bioavailability of sulfamethazine in surface water microcosms was evaluated using Lumbriculus variegatus in a bioassay. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were calculated, and a log BCF >2 was observed during aquatic exposure (0.05 mg/l). Interestingly, a significant inverse relationship between exposure concentration and BCF was also noted. Our results indicate the need for further assessment of the bioaccumulation potential of SMZ residues as a result of sediment exposure of benthic invertebrates.
Summary The addition of 2.5 mg/l of polyacrylamide to 0.5M NaHCO3 used as an extractant for ‘available’ phosphate overcame most of the analytical difficulties associated with the use of activated carbon which was recommended in the original procedure of Olsen et al. (1954). No significant differences in the amount of P extracted were found between polyacrylamide and carbon and with the former, technical problems were greatly reduced. Consequently, the modification of the original method to incorporate polyacrylamide has been adopted in the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food as a standard method for the determination of available phosphate in soils.
Metolachlor is a point-source pollutant at agrochemical dealerships in the Midwest, as well as a non pointsource contaminant of surface waters caused by runoff. Prairie grasses have been used in filter strips to control runoff and are also useful for phytoremediation; however, little is known about the fate of metolachlor and its metabolites within a grassed system. Effects of uptake by prairie grasses on the formation and fate of degradation products are not known. In this study, [U-ring-14C]metolachlor was added to enclosed systems to determine the fate of the parent compound and its metabolites in soil and plants. Mineralization and volatilization were monitored over the 97 day study and found to be 1.05 and 0.2%, respectively, for vegetated systems. At the end of the study, soil and plant material was evaluated for the presence of parent metolachlor and selected metabolites, as well as bound residues. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid was the dominant metabolite in soil and plant tissue. Over 7% of applied radioactivity was taken up by the grasses, and plant uptake/metabolism appeared to be the main mechanism for phytoremediation of metolachlor. Vegetation significantly reduced the amount of metolachlor in soil by 9%, indicating potential success as a remediation tool. Metolachlor is a point-source pollutant at agrochemical dealerships in the Midwest, as well as a non point-source contaminant of surface waters caused by runoff. Prairie grasses have been used in filter strips to control runoff and are also useful for phytoremediation; however, little is known about the fate of metolachlor and its metabolites within a grassed system. Effects of uptake by prairie grasses on the formation and fate of degradation products are not known. In this study, [U-ring-14 C]metolachlor was added to enclosed systems to determine the fate of the parent compound and its metabolites in soil and plants. Mineralization and volatilization were monitored over the 97 day study and found to be 1.05 and 0.2%, respectively, for vegetated systems. At the end of the study, soil and plant material was evaluated for the presence of parent metolachlor and selected metabolites, as well as bound residues. Metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid was the dominant metabolite in soil and plant tissue. Over 7% of applied radioactivity was taken up by the grasses, and plant uptake/metabolism appeared to be the main mechanism for phytoremediation of metolachlor. Vegetation significantly reduced the amount of metolachlor in soil by 9%, indicating potential success as a remediation tool. Disciplines Agronomy and Crop Sciences | Entomology Mass Balance of Metolachlor in a Grassed Phytoremediation System
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