ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that the pattern of serum biomarkers of disease activity and disability in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody–associated disease (MOGAD) will be different from those in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with anti–aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Abs).MethodsUsing ultrasensitive single-molecule array assays, we measured neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tau in the sera of consecutive patients with MOGAD (n = 16) and NMOSD with AQP4-Ab (n = 33). Serum biomarker levels were compared between patients in relapse and remission states, and correlations between the levels of these biomarkers and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were analyzed within each group.ResultsIn the MOGAD group, the serum tau level was higher in a relapse state than in a remission state (relapse vs remission: 0.5 [0.4–0.5] vs 0.2 [0.1–0.3] pg/mL, p = 0.027). Both serum levels of NfL and tau correlated with the EDSS score (NfL: r = 0.684, p = 0.003; tau: r = 0.524, p = 0.045). Meanwhile, in the NMOSD group, serum NfL and GFAP levels were higher in a relapse state than in a remission state (relapse vs remission: NfL, 34.8 [12.2–62.3] vs 13.0 [11.3–20.0] pg/mL, p = 0.010; GFAP, 253.8 [150.6–303.0] vs 104.4 [93.9–127.9] pg/mL, p = 0.016). Only the serum GFAP level correlated with the EDSS score (r = 0.485, p = 0.012).ConclusionThe pattern of serum biomarkers of disease activity and disability in MOGAD showed a distinct feature from those in NMOSD with AQP4-Ab, which implicates different pathogeneses between the 2 diseases.

Mesoporous metal oxides consisting of fully interconnected network structures with small pores (20–50 nm) have high surface areas and decreased ion intercalation distances, making them ideal for use in high-performance electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSs). Evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA), which combines sol–gel chemistry and molecular self-assembly, is a powerful method for the fabrication of mesoporous metal oxides through a solution phase synthesis. Herein, we introduce ultrafast sub-1 s ECSs based on an amorphous mesoporous tungsten trioxide (WO3) that is prepared by EISA. Compared to that of a compact-WO3 film-based device, the performances of an ECS with mesoporous WO3 exhibits a large optical modulation (76% at 700 nm), ultrafast switching speeds (0.8 s for coloration and 0.4 s for bleaching), and a high areal capacitance (2.57 mF/cm2), even at a high current density (1.0 mA/cm2). In addition, the excellent device stability during the coloration/bleaching and charging/discharging cycles is observed under fast response conditions. Moreover, we fabricated a patterned mesoporous WO3 for ECS displays (ECSDs) via printing-assisted EISA (PEISA). The resulting ECSDs can be used as portable energy-storage devices, and their electrochromic reflective displays change color according to their stored energy level. The ECSDs in this work have enormous potential for use in next-generation smart windows for buildings and as portable energy storage displays.

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