Hepatocyte differentiation markers were expressed in the cells differentiated from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In the differentiating ES cells, Cyp1a1 mRNA was highly expressed during the early to middle stage; Cyp2c29, Cyp2e1, Cyp3a11 and Cyp7a1 mRNAs were expressed only at the late stage; Cyp7b1 mRNA was expressed throughout all stages. Alpha-fetoprotein and albumin were co-expressed with Cyp3a and Cyp1a, respectively. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and glucocorticoid receptor mRNAs were detected in differentiating ES cells throughout the culture period. Pregnane X receptor mRNA was detected only in cells cultured for more than 24 days. The expression levels of Cyp2c29, Cyp3a11 and Cyp7a1 and G6p mRNAs were increased in embryoid bodies that were cultured with culture medium containing acid fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and oncostatin M for 12 or 18 days, then the medium was replaced by that without HGF. These findings suggested that the expression levels of Cyp genes in hepatocytes differentiated from ES cells were markedly changed in individual enzymes during the course of differentiation, and that the duration of incubation with the addition of HGF affected the expression of Cyps and hepatocytes marker proteins.
SUMMARYWe have carried out analysis of lightning surge on overhead distribution lines by means of EMTP. We made a model for electric breakdown of a 14-m concrete pole with impulse voltage (rise time: 2 µs) applied to the outer surface at the top of the concrete pole. We found that the transient impedance of the breakdown increased linearly before the breakdown and decreased exponentially after the breakdown. The measured voltage and current waveforms correspond to the calculated waveforms by regarding the impedance of the breakdown as resistance. Also we examined the impedance of flashover of an insulator with impulse voltage applied to the lines. The transient impedance of flashover is expressed approximately by the formula: Z(t) = A × exp(-(t -t 0 )/τ) (A = 1500 to 5000, τ = 3 × 10
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