ndothelin (ET)-1 plays an important role in the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF). It is known that plasma ET-1 concentrations are elevated in patients with CHF and correlate with severity. 1,2 ET-1 may act as a potent growth factor inducing cardiac hypertrophy, 3 and exert positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. 4,5 Moreover, extremely elevated concentrations of ET-1 might be toxic and cause local myocyte damage, leading to cardiac dysfunction. 6 Although both ETA receptor-selective antagonist and nonselective ETA/ETB receptor antagonist have been reported to improve cardiac function in CHF, it is still controversial whether selective ETA receptor blockade or nonselective ETA/ETB receptor blockade is preferable for the treatment of patients with CHF, because the pathophysiological role of ETB receptors in CHF has not been fully elucidated. 7-10 Furthermore, little is known about the effect of long-term treatment with ETB receptor blockade on cardiac function and structure in CHF.
Circulation Journal Vol.69, January 2005The vast majority of cases of CHF are caused by heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy). Within the WHO categorization of cardiomyopathy, the most common cause of heart failure is dilated cardiomyopathy, defined as a ventricular chamber exhibiting increased diastolic and systolic volumes and a low ejection fraction. 11 Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is diagnosed by excluding significant coronary artery disease, valvular abnormalities, and other causes. Histological features are nonspecific and consist of myocardial cell hypertrophy as well as atrophy and varying amounts of increased interstitial fibrosis. 12 Recently, activation of the ET-1 system with increased tissue ET-1 content in the myocardium of IDC patients has been reported, 13-15 but whether ET receptor-mediated ET-1 actions are involved in the progression of CHF resulting from IDC remains to be determined.Recent studies have shown that the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as that of ET-1, in the myocardium is elevated in patients with IDC. 16,17 Several neurohumoral factors activated in chronic heart failure might augment cardiac iNOS expression and could cause cardiac dysfunction. 18,19 There might be some relation between ET-1 and iNOS in the failing heart, 20 but the precise mechanisms and the role of ET-1 and iNOS in CHF caused by IDC have not been clarified. The aim of this study was to compare the chronic effect of selective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist on cardiac function, ET-1 content, ultrastructure and histochemical changes of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor antagonist is expected to improve the prognosis of patients with heart failure, but the role of the ETB receptor in cardiac function and structure is complicated. In the present study the NADPH diaphorase activity and ET-1 content in the failing heart treated with ETA or ETB receptor antagonist were evaluated in a model of dil...
Recently the marine controlled-source electromagnetics CSEM is applied commercially to the problem of detecting the presence of hydrocarbon filled layers in the sub-sea formations, and a number of companies are now providing this service. In this paper, we return to fundamentals of electromagnetic EM method. Transmission frequencies used in the marine CSEM are typically between 0.01 and 10Hz. As such low frequencies, the behavior of EM field in subsurface is governed by the diffusion equation rather than the wave equation. The EM field radiated by an electric source can be considered to consist of two different modes a TM mode component and a TE mode component. An analysis of both the TE and TM mode holds the potential to determine if the increase in the measured EM field is caused by the presence of hydrocarbon saturated reservoir or other resistive bodies in the subsurface. The physics of CSEM in shallow water is also examined by using simple 1-D models. This would show that the concept of air interaction, rather than air wave, is appropriate because of complex coupling between signals interacting with seafloor and air. We then apply the inversion analysis to frequency-domain CSEM sounding data acquired in the offshore of Australia, investigate how the marine CSEM could reconstruct resistivity image of gas bearing formation. The survey area comprises two towed lines, covering discovered gas field. The transmitter antenna is a horizontal electric dipole of length about 250m, towing along profiles at an average of 30m above the receivers. For the inversion process, we use a starting model with homogeneous background of 1.0 ohm-m below the sea bottom. No further a priori information is utilized during the inversion. The inversion reaches acceptable data misfit, produced images of the resistive target which can be interpreted gas bearing formation.
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