Head trauma is a common cause of significant morbidity and mortality in dogs and cats. Traumatic brain injury may occur after head trauma. Understanding the pathophysiology of primary and secondary injury after head trauma is essential for management. This article reviews the pathophysiology of head trauma, patient assessment and diagnostics, and treatment recommendations.

This is the first reported use of ILE as an adjunctive treatment for cats with permethrin toxicity. Outcome was favorable in both cats and no adverse effects were noted from the ILE.

An 8-year-old, female spayed Domestic Shorthair cat was presented to the Auburn University Emergency and Critical Care service for evaluation of pleural effusion and a suspected intrathoracic mass. Computed tomography was performed which confirmed the presence of a large intrathoracic mass, likely heart-based. Fine-needle aspirates were obtained and a cytologic diagnosis of a neuroendocrine tumor was made. Treatment with toceranib phosphate was briefly attempted at home by the owners. The cat died at home approximately 6 weeks after diagnosis. Necropsy and subsequent histopathologic examination revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin. Aortic body tumors are extremely rare in cats and to the authors' knowledge, a neuroendocrine carcinoma of aortic body origin with distant metastases has not yet been reported in a cat.

Introduction: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves breathing 100% oxygen in a specialized compression chamber leading to hyperoxia. This treatment modality is associated with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and healing properties in people and laboratory animals. However, there are relatively few reports that evaluate the effects of HBOT in companion animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of HBOT on surgically induced systemic inflammation and oxidation in dogs.Material and Methods: Twelve healthy female beagle dogs were spayed and randomized into control and HBOT groups (n = 6). Both groups received conventional post-ovariohysterectomy therapy, and the HBOT group received two hyperbaric treatments at 2.0 atmosphere of absolute pressure and 100% oxygen for 35 min, 6 and 18 h after surgery. Blood samples were collected 3 h prior to ovariohysterectomy, 6, 18, and 30 h after surgery, prior to HBOT when applicable. Inflammatory biomarkers, including C-reactive protein, circulating cytokines, and changes in iron homeostasis were evaluated at each time point to determine the effects of surgery and HBOT on inflammation. Similarly, serum total oxidant status and total antioxidant status were measured to assess the oxidative stress. Pain and incision scores were recorded and compared between groups.Results: Following ovariohysterectomy, all dogs had significantly increased serum concentrations of C-reactive protein, KC-like, IL-6, and increased unsaturated ironbinding capacity compared to their pre-surgical values (p < 0.02), while serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation were significantly decreased after surgery (p < 0.02). There was no significant difference between the control group and the HBOT group for any of the variables. There were no overt adverse effects in the HBOT group. Conclusion:This is the first prospective randomized controlled study to investigate the effects of HBOT on surgically induced systemic inflammation in dogs. While elective ovariohysterectomy resulted in mild inflammation, the described HBOT protocol Gautier et al.Ovariohysterectomy and HBOT in Dogs portrayed no outward adverse effect and did not induce any detectable pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, or antioxidant effects. Additional investigation is required to identify objective markers to quantify the response to HBOT and determine its role as an adjunctive therapy in dogs with more severe, complicated or chronic diseases.

Objective: To create a chart for estimating body surface area (BSA) for use in canine burn victims, similar to the human Rule of Nines.

This study describes the pharmacokinetics of parent pimobendan (PIM) and its active metabolite, o-desmethyl-pimobendan (ODMP), after oral and rectal administration of pimobendan to healthy dogs. Animals: A total of eight healthy privately owned dogs were used in this study. Procedures: The dogs received a single dose (0.5 mg/kg) of a commercially available pimobendan tablet per os (PO). Twelve blood samples were collected over a 12-h period for pharmacokinetic analysis. After a 24-h washout period, the dogs received the same dose of pimobendan solution per rectum (PR), and samples were obtained at the same time for analysis. Results: For PIM, PO vs. PR, respectively, the mean maximum plasma concentration (C max , ng/ml) was 49.1 ± 28.7 vs. 10.1 ± 2, the time to reach a maximum concentration (T max , h) was 2.1 ± 0.9 vs. 1 ± 0.4, the disappearance half-life (t 1/2 , h) was 1.8 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6, and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC, ng * h/ml) was 148.4

Cervical ultrasound has high sensitivity and moderate specificity for ET intubation, and may be a useful tool to confirm ET intubation in dogs.

Objective To analyze the epidemiology of veterinary care in canine trauma patients prior to presentation to a Veterinary Trauma Center (VTC). Design Retrospective observational cross‐sectional study. Methods  Retrospective descriptive analysis from 22,998 canine case records from the Veterinary Trauma Registry from September 2013 through April 2018. Analysis was focused on the type of injury, care provider, and care provided prior presentation to a VTC (pre‐VTC care). A log‐likelihood ratio test was used to test for association of outcome and pre‐VTC care. Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare modified Glasgow Coma Scale and Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) scores between pre‐VTC and non‐pre‐VTC care groups. Measurements and Main Results Pre‐VTC care was provided in 5636 out of 22,998 dogs (24.5%) by veterinarians (81%), owners (19.6%), and first responders (0.03%). The most common nonveterinary interventions included wound care and bandaging in 42% and 39% of the patients, respectively. Mortality was higher in the pre‐VTC care group (8.7% vs 7.5%); dogs receiving pre‐VTC care were 1.5 times (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–1.88) more likely to die and 1.2 times (95% CI, 1.07–1.37) more likely to be euthanized. The ATT scores were significantly higher in dogs receiving pre‐VTC care (mean = 2.53 vs 1.78; p < 0.0001). Conclusion Our data demonstrate that the majority of more severely injured dogs receiving pre‐VTC care obtained care by a veterinarian. Dogs receiving pre‐VTC care possessed a greater mortality rate but also a greater ATT score; therefore, mortality rate is more likely related to severity of trauma rather than reception of pre‐VTC care. We propose that these data should prompt further research and education about prehospital care in veterinary medicine.