The spatial extent of the current mountain pine beetle epidemic in western Canada has highlighted the need to understand the efficacy of treatment strategies. We investigate the effect of five direct-control treatments applied in central British Columbia during a mountain pine beetle epidemic. Using point data from GPS helicopter surveys and kernel density estimators, efficacy was explored through comparisons of infestation intensities at treated locations to randomly selected untreated sites. Small patch and block harvesting treatments showed the clearest signs of reducing infestation intensity; the effects of the fell and burn, monosodium methanearsonate, and pheromone-baited tree treatments were less clear. Through this work, five management guidelines were developed: (1) aggressive treatments can be effective when beetle populations are moderate, although still epidemic; (2) single-tree treatments are only effective when infestation intensities are low or moderate in both the treatment area and surrounding regions; (3) singletree treatments are the most effective when treatments are intensively applied; (4) overall, the more infested trees removed during treatment, the greater the reduction in infestation intensity; and (5) when it is possible to reduce the infestation levels to 2.5 or fewer infested trees per hectare, treatments can be effectively applied.
This paper presents a case study of an event that occurred in an industrial facility that resulted in an outage without extensive damage and no harm to employees due to proper use of arc flash reduction products and a safety program. The case in point will illustrate a design of a power distribution system that was approached with safety in mind as well as the safety program that complimented the design resulting in a much less severe event. Arc flash reduction solutions and techniques will be discussed, especially those that were used in this example. The safety program implemented at this facility will also be reviewed to illustrate the proper recipe for safety. This case illustrates how even working de-energized can present opportunities for accidents to occur that should be addressed through proper use of installed safety equipment coupled with the successful implementation of a safety program..
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