Age-Related Regional Differences in Cerebellar Vermis Observed In Vivo

Raz, Naftali; Spencer, Wesley D.; White, Ken; Acker, James D.

doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530280106030

Cited by 82 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The cerebellum is the brain structure that is best correlated with life-span, and it is intriguing to note that parts of the cerebellum undergo substantial age-related reduction in mass (19). Data from a recent magnetic resonance imaging study suggest that there is a 25-30% shrinkage of the declive, folium, tuber, and pyramis lobes of the cerebellar vermis from age 20 to age 70 (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data from a recent magnetic resonance imaging study suggest that there is a 25-30% shrinkage of the declive, folium, tuber, and pyramis lobes of the cerebellar vermis from age 20 to age 70 (19). Cerebellar Purkinje cells are particularly vulnerable to destruction in alcoholics but also show age-related loss in subjects without a history of alcohol intoxication (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain structures and life-span in primate species.

Allman

McLaughlin

Hakeem

1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In haplorhine primates, when the effect of body weight is removed, brain weight is correlated with maximum recorded life-span. In this paper we have analyzed the relationships between volumes of specific brain structures and life-span. When the effect of body weight is removed, the volumes of many brain structures are significantly, positively correlated with maximum recorded life-span. However, the volumes of the medulla and most frwst-order sensory structures do not correlate with life-span. The cerebellum is the brain structure that best correlates with life-span. Parts of the cerebellum are particularly vulnerable to age-related loss of mass in humans. For another measure of the life cycle, female reproductive age, a similar set of brain structures is significantly, positively correlated (again with the exceptions of the medulla and most first-order sensory structures). There are some differences between the structures correlated for life-span and female reproductive age. For example, the hippocampus and lateral geniculate nucleus correlate with female reproductive age but do not correlate with life-span. In strepsirhine primates, when the effect of body weight is removed, total brain weight does not significantly correlate with either life-span or female reproductive age. However, the volumes of some brain structures in strepsirhines do correlate with these life-cycle parameters. The centromedial complex of the amygdala is the only structure to correlate with life-span in both strepsirhine and haplorhine primates. This structure participates in the regulation of blood pressure and in the stress response, which may be key factors governing life-span.In a previous study (1), we found in haplorhine primate species (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans) that brain weight is correlated with maximum recorded life-span and female average age of first reproduction when the effect of body size is removed. In strepsirhine primates (lorises and lemurs) there is no statistically significant correlation between brain weight and either life-span or female reproductive age. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between the volumes of specific brain structures and both life-span and female reproductive age.MATERIALS AND METHODS We used maximum recorded life-span because it should measure under ideal circumstances the genetic potential for longevity for each species. To find the maximum recorded life-spans, we obtained data from 138 zoos and research institutions throughout the world. We used the same life-span data as in our previous paper (1); due to space limitations, we shall publish the life-span records separately. The maximum recorded human life-span was obtained from MacFarlan (2).Volumes of brain structures were obtained from the quantitative studies of Stephan and his coworkers (3-13). We used data on female average age at first reproduction from a published list compiled by Ross (14). Data on diet were obtained from the book Primate Societies (15). We used SYSTAT 5.2 to assist us in the...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain structures and life-span in primate species.

Allman

McLaughlin

Hakeem

1993

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…One study showed a weak correlation between CAG number and midbrain, total brainstem, caudate nucleus and putamen 20 . Based on previous studies [21][22][23] some authors, showed correlation between CAG and volume of tegmentum of pons divided by age 9 . We weren't able to find such correlation.…”

Section: Cag Numbermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Dorsum-medial areas (declive, folim and tuber-V2) and posterior lobe (pyramid, tonsil and nodule-V3) showed shrinking with age 18 . It has been suggested that more recent phylogenetic areas, with several cortical extensions, are also susceptible to the aging effect 22 . To diminish bias, patients and controls were paired for age and sex.…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Brain stem and cerebellum volumetric analysis of Machado Joseph disease patients

Camargos

Marques-Jr

Santos

2011

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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Machado-Joseph disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia type 3(MJD/SCA3), is the most frequent late onset spinocerebellar ataxia and results from a CAG repeat expansion in the ataxin-3 gene. Previous studies have found correlation between atrophy of cerebellum and brainstem with age and CAG repeats, although no such correlation has been found with disease duration and clinical manifestations. In this study we test the hypothesis that atrophy of cerebellum and brainstem in MJD/SCA3 is related to clinical severity, disease duration and CAG repeat length as well as to other variables such as age and ICARS (International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale). Whole brain high resolution MRI and volumetric measurement with cranial volume normalization were obtained from 15 MJD/ SCA3 patients and 15 normal, age and sex-matched controls. We applied ICARS and compared the score with volumes and CAG number, disease duration and age. We found significant correlation of both brain stem and cerebellar atrophy with CAG repeat length, age, disease duration and degree of disability. The Spearman rank correlation was stronger with volumetric reduction of the cerebellum than with brain stem. Our data allow us to conclude that volumetric analysis might reveal progressive degeneration after disease onset, which in turn is linked to both age and number of CAG repeat expansions in SCA 3. Key words: CAG expansion, Machado-Joseph disease, MJD/SCA3, spinocerebellar ataxia, volumetry.Análise volumétrica de cerebelo e tronco cerebral de pacientes com doença de Machado Joseph RESUMO Doença de Machado-Joseph, ou ataxia espinocerebelar tipo 3 (MJD/SCA3) é ataxia espinocerebelar de início tardio mais frequente e resulta de uma expansão da repetição CAG no gene da ataxina-3. Estudos precedentes encontraram correlação entre a atrofia do cerebelo e do tronco cerebral com a idade e número de expansões CAG. Tais correlações não foram encontradas em relação ao tempo de doença ou manifestações clínicas. Neste estudo testamos a hipótese de que a atrofia do cerebelo e do tronco encefálico em MJD/SCA3 está relacionada à gravidade clínica, duração da doença e número de repetições CAG, bem como com outras variáveis como a idade e a ICARS (escala cooperativa internacional de avaliação de ataxias). Foram realizados estudos de imagem pela ressonância magnética de alta resolução e volumetria com normalização de volume craniano de 15 pacientes portadores de MJD/SCA3 e 15 controles pareados por idade e sexo. Nós aplicamos a ICARS e correlacionamos com o escore de volumes e número de CAG, duração da doença e idade. Encontramos correlação significativa entre atrofia de tronco cerebral e cerebelo com duração da doença, repetição CAG, idade e grau de acometimento da doença. O índice de correlação de Spearman foi maior em relação à atrofia de cerebelo do que à atrofia de tronco. Nossos dados permitem concluir que a análise volumétrica pode revelar degeneração progressiva após o início da doença que, por sua vez, está ligada à idade e número de expansões CAG em SCA 3...

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“…Cellularity changes underlie such functional impairment of the cerebellum (Ratz et al 1992), such as loss of Purkinje and granule cells during aging (Ellis 1920;Hall et al 1975;Torvik et al 1986) NO synthase activity is regulated by N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors. NMDA receptors have a variety of functions in the central nervous system including synaptic plasticity during development, learning motor tasks, or neurodegeneration (Cotman and Iversen 1987).…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in Nitric Oxide Synthase Activities in the Cerebellum during Development and Aging of C57BL/6 Mice.

Tsukada

Yamazaki²

1995

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the neurotransmitters in the cerebellum. Activities of NO synthase and densities of granule cells were determined in the cerebellum in an attempt to elucidate a mechanism of biochemical changes on the anatomical basis during aging. Activities of Cat+/calmoduline dependent NO synthase were measured in the cerebellum in male and female mice, from 18 gestation days to 28 months of age. There were significant differences in NO synthase activities among the groups of prenatal (18 gestation days), middle aged (5-18 months) and old aged (21-28 months) mice. Between groups of old and middle ages, a significant decrease with aging was found in the mean density of granular cells, which express NO synthase. Changes in NO synthase activities and granule cell densities occurred to a similar degree between old and middle ages. The present data suggest that an age-associated rise and fall of its activities likely occur in parallel with those of granule cell densities, and thus may represent impairment of cerebellar function during aging. NO synthase; cerebellum; development; aging Nitric oxide (NO) is a messenger molecule in many organs and systems (Bredt and Snyder 1992;Lowenstein and Snyder 1992;Snyder 1992). NO synthase generates NO and citrulline from arginine. Since NO has a very short half-life and is consumed immediately in situ after production, existence of NO synthase in a given micro environment is a predictor as to whether NO plays an important physiological role in it.Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies have revealed that in the cerebellum, NO synthase localizes in granule and basket cells (Bredt et al. 1990). Its activity in the cerebellar cytosolic fraction in rats increased between 2 and 3 weeks after birth when granule cells migrate in the cerebellum (Matsumoto et al. 1993), suggesting that NO synthase activities in the cerebellum is a good marker of both anatomical and functional maturity of granule cells.

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Age-Related Regional Differences in Cerebellar Vermis Observed In Vivo

Cited by 82 publications

References 22 publications

Brain structures and life-span in primate species.

Brain structures and life-span in primate species.

Brain stem and cerebellum volumetric analysis of Machado Joseph disease patients

Changes in Nitric Oxide Synthase Activities in the Cerebellum during Development and Aging of C57BL/6 Mice.

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