In brief: Previous studies have suggested that experienced rope jumpers have a reduced aerobic requirement. However, these exercisers typically train with a variety of techniques, which may affect aerobic requirements. In this study, nine experienced rope jumpers performed each of five basic techniques at the same speed. Results show that the "alternate foot" technique is the most efficient; the "crossover" technique, least efficient. A subgroup of four subjects was studied to determine if they consistently trained in the aerobic range during a "typical" workout. These results show that even highly skilled rope jumpers can maintain an adequate exercise intensity during their workouts.
If ethics is of any interest to big historians, it might be primarily for analyzing the “ought to haves” and the “ought not to haves” of prior large scale human actions, e.g., does an agriculture-based lifestyle cause more harms to humans overall as compared with a hunter-gatherer lifestyle? However, big historians are also often concerned about the future events of Earth that can be influenced by humans, such as climate change, mass extinctions, and the predicted technological singularity. Because those concerns encompass both human and non-human complex systems such as the biosphere and possible future advanced artificial intelligence, big history requires an ethical framework that addresses anthropocentric as well as non-anthropocentric concerns and perspectives.
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