The anostomid genus Laemolyta Cope, 1872, is redefined.Various morphological, especially osteological characters in addition to the commonly utilized features of dentition proved useful for its characterization. A taxonomic revision of all species was made using meristics, morphometrics and color pattern. Five species are recognized: Laemolyta fernandezi Myers, 1950, from the río Orinoco (Venezuela) and the sub-basins Tocantins/Araguaia and Xingu, L. orinocensis (Steindachner, 1879), restricted to the río Orinoco, L. garmani (Borodin, 1931) and L. proxima (Garman, 1890), from the Amazon basin with the latter also occurring in the Essequibo River (Guiana), and L. taeniata (Kner, 1859)
The type status of the specimens of the genus Laemolyta described by S. Garman and N. Borodin are reviewed. The species involved were described as Anostomus varius nitens Garman, 1890, A. varius Garman, 1890, A. proximus Garman, 1890, and A. garmani Borodin, 1931. Several lots were subsequently erroneously designated as types and their status are corrected. Garman, 1890, A. varius Garman, 1890, A. proximus Garman, 1890 e A. garmani Borodin, 1931. Vários lotes foram erroneamente designados subsequentemente como tipos e seus status são corrigidos.
O status dos exemplares tipo do gênero Laemolyta descritos por S. Garman e N. Borodin são revisados. As espécies envolvidas foram descritas como Anostomus varius nitens
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