Drawing on field theory and social constructivism, the authors present a dynamic, cocreative approach to transactional analysis. This approach emphasizes the present-centered nature of the therapeutic relationship—or therapeutic relating—and the cocreative nature of transactions, scripts, ego states, and games. The authors frame this approach within a positive health perspective on transactional analysis (as distinct from an undue emphasis on psychopathology) and argue that cocreative transactional analysis provides a narrative or story about transactional analysis itself that offers new and contemporary meanings to old transactional truths. The article concludes with a series of questions for self-supervision that may serve as a useful guide to cocreative transactional analysis practice.
This article considers different understandings of empathy in psychotherapy and transactional analysis, including Carl Rogers's contribution to the development and understanding of empathy. A review of his necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic change clarifies the bilateral and intersubjective nature of empathic understanding, empathy, and empathic transactions. Various aspects of empathy are elaborated in terms of Stark's (1999) taxonomy of psychologies, and a fourth, two-person-plus psychology, is proposed to reflect an empathy that is sociocentric rather than egocentric._____
Aim: This paper aims to describe the training preparation for health visitors who took part in the intervention arm of a cluster randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of training for health visitors -the POstNatal Depression Economic evaluation and Randomised (the PoNDER) trial. A secondary aim is to make available, by electronic links, the training manuals developed for and used for the cognitive behavioural approach (CBA) and the person-centred approach (PCA) training for the health visitors. The paper is of relevance to health visitors, general practitioners, nurse practitioners, midwives, clinical psychologists, mental health nurses, community psychiatric nurses, counsellors, and service commissioners. Background: The trial clinical outcomes have been published, indicating the pragmatic effectiveness of the package of training for health visitors to identify depressive symptoms and provide a psychologically informed intervention. The training was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms at six months postnatally among intervention group women and some evidence of a benefit for the intervention group for some of the secondary outcomes at 18 months follow-up. Methods:The two experimental interventions examined in the PoNDER trial built upon promising work on the potential for psychological interventions to help women recover from postnatal depression as an alternative to pharmaceutical interventions and to address the limitations of previous research in the area. Findings: The package of health visitor training comprised the development of clinical skills in assessing postnatal women and identifying depressive symptoms, and the delivery of a CBA or a PCA for eligible women. This was the largest trial a health visitor intervention and of postnatal depression ever RESEARCH conducted. We are aware of no other rigorously performed trial that has published details of an extensively tested training programme for the benefit of health-care professionals and clients.
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